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the body to which is attached a short fleshy spine ; a 

 delicate sinus is followed by the second portion of this 

 protuberance, this again by a nitid chitonous part, some- 

 what rugose at the sides, probably of a muscular character 

 and concluding with a soft light sienna organ, or pad, 

 with 3 indentations (resembling very much a microscopic 

 potato) which may serve the purpose of exhausting the 

 air ; round the inner portion of this pad is a crescent of 

 many very minute recurved hooks. These complex 

 arrangements are intended to enable the creature to retain 

 a strong hold of the object on which it is resting, while 

 it can move the anterior part of its body in any direction 

 with perfect security. They are probably retractile, and, 

 being opposable as the human thumb and fingers are, 

 serve as very efficient claspers. The prolegs attached 

 to the anal or 13th segment are identical in structure 

 and purpose with the 4 intermediate ones, and they 

 are all furnished with a large number of minute 

 sets. The general colour of the larva is rufous brown, 

 with two lateral irregular-shaped bands of light sienna 

 colour, and one suboval spot below each band, situated 

 on the 7th segment. In some species there is a second 

 pair higher up on the 8th segment ; the dorsum is 

 generally striped longtitudinally, with a pair of triangulate 

 stripes on each segment, and O-like dark lateral marks. 

 Some of the species are without these marks, and the light 

 lateral patches are different in shape and length. Though 

 there are some papilios whose larva resemble those of the 

 Ornithoptera, there would be no difficulty in distinguish- 

 ing between them. 



These larva? belong to the Chilognathiform 

 or Scolopendriform stirps of the Lepidoptera in the 

 system of Macleay, adopted by Dr. Horsfield : * 

 the Succincti, or 1st tribe of Section 1 in Bois- 

 duval's arrangement : the first family of Westwood's 

 group of Heterocera, the Nudi : the second family 

 of Swainson's quinarian scheme ; the first primary 

 group of Latreille (in his Revue Animale) and 

 the 3rd secondary section, the Hexapoda : the first 

 or Equites group of Linnaeus and the 1st division 

 or Trojans : and the first family of Trimen's arrange- 

 ment. But all modern plans of classification assign their 

 position to the latest but one of the Diurnea in the 2nd 

 sub-family of the Papilionidae, or midway between the 

 Pierincs and Hesperiidce, all of which are perfect Hexapods. 



Doubleday sought the divisional element between 

 Ornithoptera and Papilio in the larvae, which he said " had 

 an external forked sheath for the prothoracic tentacula, 

 thus differing from Papilio, but Wallace (" Trans. Linn. 

 Soc," vol. xxv., page 35) declared that 0. Poseidon larva 

 has no such arrangement as this. Philip Henry Gosse 

 found a similar structure in some species of Papilio, 

 thereby indicating that the arrangement may obtain in 

 both divisions of the Papilionidae. 



Reasoning on Dr. Horsfield's observations in Java on 



* Mr. Macleay was careful to guard the student of his system from misappre- 

 hension ; for he remarks in his " Borce Entomologies," p. 423, that " in terming larvae 

 Chilognathiform and Chilopodiform it is not meant that they are Scolopendra- or Juli, or 

 even near to them in affinity, but only that they are so constructed that certain ana- 

 logical circumstances attending them strongly remind us of these Ametabola." Of 

 course the Centipedes, Wireworms, or Wcodlice are structurally very different from 

 the larvae of either Coleoptera or Lepidoptera; and unlike the latter are not subject 

 to a progressive metamorphosis ; hence their lower position in the scale of life. 

 Macleay adopted Dr. Leach's Class Ametabola, which, at the time was only allowed 

 to consist of two divisions— the Thysanura and the A nophira. To these he added two 

 divisions of the Myriapoda and also Vermes. In his examination of the Coleoptera 

 he divides them into the following 5 groups : — 



(a) Carabus and Dytiscus, represented analogically by the Chilopodiform Ametabola ; 



the larvae of the Papilonidae, of which a considerable 

 number were known to Wallace, he came to the 

 conclusion that these furnished good characters for 

 the primary division of the Genus Papilio (in which 

 at the time he included the Ornithoptera) into natural 

 groups. The manner in which the hinder wings 

 are plaited or folded back at the abdominal margin, 

 the size of the anal valves, the structure of the antennae, 

 and the form of the wings are of much service, as well 

 as the character of the flight, and the style of colour- 

 ation. Using these characters he divided the Malayan 

 Papilios into 4 sections and 17 groups. At the head 

 of them he placed the Ornithoptera — making them a 

 Genus containing 3 subsections as follows : — a. Priamus 

 Group : black and green ; b. Pompeus Group : black 

 and yellow ; c. Brookeanus Groups : black, blue and 

 green. 



The Schoenbergia and ^Etheoptera groups had not, 

 when he wrote, been discovered, or his conclusions might 

 have been considerably modified. 



PART II. i. Larva described. 



O. Pronomus, Feeds on a species of Ipomaea, which 

 twists itself among and over the brushwood, often to a 

 considerable height, or trails itself along the ground. 

 The larva feeds on this plant and on any part of it. 

 "Length i\ inches ; tapers slightly towards each extremity; 

 central segment thickened ; comparatively short and 

 obese ; smoky black with a tinge of madder purple ; head 

 black and shiny, with a narrow white V-shaped mark on 

 the face ; in the crown of the 2nd segment a crescent 

 shaped shining black plate, and between this and the 

 head is the nuchal aperture, through which, when the 

 larva is irritated, is emitted a pair of short carmine- 

 coloured tentacles ; a subdorsal row of finely-pointed 

 spines in each side, the spines rather long, and those on 

 the posterior segments pointing backwards ; tips and 

 base of the spines black, intermediate portion scarlet, 

 except in the 8th segment where the base of the spine is 

 white, and from thence springs a broad oblique white 

 stripe, pointing forwards, and terminating at the spiracular 

 region ; a row of black spines just below the spiracles ; 

 upon the 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments an additional spine 

 between the subdorsal and spiracular row ; a short black 

 blunt tubercle on the 2nd segment upon each side of the 

 face ; a short black spine above each leg and claspers, 

 which are shining black." — Gervase F. Matthew, R.N., 

 in the " Entomologist," vol. 19, page 84. 



Mr. Matthew informs us also that these larvae do not 

 differ from those taken in the Duke of York Island and 

 New Britain, and will produce Urvilliana or the usual 

 golden green forms of the perfect insect. 



O. Poseiden. PI. 34, fig. 4, with 2 lateral light stripes 

 on the 8th segment. Colour rich dark rufous brown. Habi- 

 tat, Little Kei Island. In the same collection. 



(b) Scarabasus, by the Chilognathiform Ametabola; 



(c) Curculio and Cerambyx, by^the Vermes ; 



(d) Coccinella and Chrysomelar&c, by the Anopluriform Ametabola ; 

 \e) Meloe, &c, by the Thysanuriform Ametabola. 



Dr. Horsefield made the Butterflies to consist of 5 stirpes, or divisions, which he 

 arranged in accordance with Macleay's principles, from the analogies they 

 exhibit to the orders of Ametabola : 



(a) Lycaenidae, by the Vermes ; 



(b) Colias, Papilio and Doritis by the Chilognathiform Ametabola ; 



(c) Euplcea, Vanessa, Argynnis, &c, by the Chilopodiform Ametabola; 



(d) Apatura, Morpho, Hipparchia by the Thysanuriform Ametabola ; and 

 (*) Erycina, Hesperia, &c, by the Anopluriform Ametabola. 



The Ornithopterus larvae come into the and division. 



