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with an enormous bay at the head of it extending north and north-east to Cape Sirik. This bay receives the inland 

 waters of the River Lupar, which has it sources somewhere near the Saribu-Saratus Mountains, and the 3,000 

 or, 4000 feet high Batang Lupar Mountains. Mount Padang, 3,200 feet, Pontianak and the Great Kapua River, which 

 with a trend n-north-east extends inland an immense distance, are some of the prominent parts of this 

 western portion of Borneo. Hereabout is found P. Miranda (as well as in North Borneo) ; while an allied species P. 

 Neomiranda inhabits Western Sumatra, an island more western still : and T. Brookeam is found in both East and 

 West Borneo and Sumatra, and along its western coast. 



Although there are lofty mountains in Borneo as we see by a map, many of them have been, and may be still, 

 volcanic, the greater part of the island is so low and flat as to suggest the idea that in a comparatively recent period, it 

 has sunk, as Mr. Andrew Murray has said, so as to have been an impassable morass, when it was separated from the 

 great Asiatic Continent. 



Altogether, Borneo is a rich zoological region, and the extent of its wealth in animal life certainly cannot 

 yet have been nearly ascertained, to say nothing of its flora, and the revelations which a more extended knowledge of 

 its geology may bring to the notice of its students and explorers. Our knowledge of its insects will probably result in 

 immense additions to our lists when all the mountainous districts of the interior, especially in the south, have 

 been fully examined. So that there is yet work for years to come. The same probably holds good with regard 

 to birds, of which over 400 species are known, of which 90 are peculiar, belonging to 124 genera— a significant indication 

 of the possibilities of its avifauna. Among these are 3 Woodpeckers, 4 Kingfishers, 4 Goatsuckers, 2 Owls, 1 Sunbird, 

 6 Pittas, 7 Pheasants and 2 Partridges. The insects and shells furnish a large number of peculiar forms. Ihe 

 mammals number at least 82 species— 66 of them arboreal, and few, if any, terrestrial— 9-1 oths of this number being 

 peculiar to the island. 



The wealth of Sumatra must be nearly or quite as great, considering that 330 Birds are known to exist, 

 (including the crimson-breasted Trogons and the Argus Pheasant) : and among the Mammals 12 Monkeys, 10 Bats, 8 

 Cats, 9 Squirrels, 2 Rats and 1 Swine. According to Murray, who quotes from Miiller's " Verhandlungen " (1835) the 

 whole number of Mammalia then known was over 70 species, distributed among 38 genera— since then it is uncertain 

 how many have been added to the list. 



The Philippine Archipelago consists of a group of 29 larger or smaller islands, besides a very large number of very 

 small islets and rocks, followed south-westward by the crowd of small islands called the Sulu Archipelago. The 

 largest of the Philippine group are Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, Leite, Negros, Sebu, Bohul, Mindanao (or 

 Magindano), and the western island of Palawan. The forms of some of these are most remarkable, especially of Luzon 

 and Mindanao, giving a coast line for each of immense extent, compared with its actual size, just as the case is with 

 the more eastern island of Gilolo ; and when one comes to carefully examine and study the chart of this remarkable 

 group, one cannot escape the conviction that other forms of Ornithoptera, and new localities for those already known may 

 yet be discovered in the intricate mazes of the archipelago, in spite of our fairly extended knowledge of its natural 

 productions. 



The flora of the Philippines as at present known, according to Mr. R. A. Rolfe of Kew, consists of 2,108 species 

 of Dicotyledonous Plants, belonging to 723 genera ; and 1,340 Monocotyledonous species belonging to 273 genera. 

 The ferns number 497, of which 52 are peculiar to the Archipelago ; there are also 200 timber trees. 



The island of Celebes is as peculiar in form and extensive coast line as are some of the Philippines. On the eastern 

 and western sides a system of mountain chains runs nearly north-west and north-east, sinking to the sea level m the 

 south, but joined northwards to the high chains of the Sussua and Tobungku Mountains respectively. A trench-like 

 depression between them is partly occupied by a vast swamp, Lake Opa, which is drained by the large river Konarveha, 

 which, rising in the north, breaks through the eastern range to the Bay of Sampara. Mount Bowonglangi is one of its 

 most important mountains, situated in the Eastern portion of the south peninsula near Bom: is 6,500 feet high: is steep 

 and composed of erruptic rock, but with no sign of a crater. The most northern point of the island commences at 

 2 15' N. latitude and about 124 57' E. longitude; while the most southern commences at S. latitude 5 35', and E. 

 longitude about 120 30'. The whole island consists of a central area of considerable extent, with four long peninsula? 

 branching off s-south-east, n. and north-east, the northern being the largest, the north-east the shortest and the 

 south-eastern the most indented by bays. There is a narrow southern extension produced by the island of Salayer, 

 divided by narrow straits from the mainland, running south to the extent of 48 miles, and not more than 8 miles wide; 

 at the south-eastern peninsula terminal are also 4 important islands, namely Kabaena due south, Muna and Buton 

 south and s-south-east, and the small island of Wawoni, east of the peninsula, and north of the last two. To the east of 

 the shortest peninsula is the curiously formed island of Peling, with a group of smaller islands and islets, which extend 

 away east to Taliabu and Mangola. A considerable portion of this island's peninsula? is mountainous, especially 

 southward, and the western portions are much more extensively intersected by rivers than the eastern, where the rivers 

 are few. The Ornithoptera of Celebes are P. Halipkron ; P. Hippolytus, v. cellularis ; also the type form ; P. Hephcestus 

 and P. Helena, v. leda. The latter is found in the island of Salayar together with Halipkron, Bauermanni, and 

 Hephcestus the latter also occurring on the east portion of the south-eastern peninsula. Halipkron, Cellularis, Hippolytus, 

 type, and leda inhabit the extreme south ; and cellularis and Hippolytus type are found, as we should expect, m the 

 islands of Muna and Buton. The Butterflies of Celebes are very numerous. The Mammalia are only 16 in number 



