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' — all terrestrial ; the Birds furnish about 202 species or more, of which 194 species are indigenous to the island. 

 Among the birds and butterflies are many belonging to the Himalayan types, though not found in the adjacent islands. 

 Among the former are 3 species of Orioles, 3 Wood Swallows, 6 Crows, 9 Sun Birds, 13 Kingfishers, 2 Hornbills, 3 

 Nightjars, 26 Pigeons, 7 Owls and 21 other Raptores, 6 Pheasants, and 16 Parrots and Cockatoos. 



Sula island, east of Celebes, is really a peninsula, consisting of the two islands Taliabu and Mangola, divided 

 by an extremely narrow strait, Sula Besi, south of Mangola, and the islet Lisamatura. The type form of P. Hippolytus 

 is found there, and also in Sula Besi. 



Sumbawa, East longitude about 117 30' and South latitude about 9 20' is one of the smaller islands following 

 Java, in the remarkably rich volcanic belt of which Sumatra is the first and Timor the last, situated north, south, and 

 south-west of Borneo and west and south of the Malay Peninsula. This island is 170 miles in length and about 50 in 

 width. Its dry season is from April to July, during which so little rain falls that many of the rivers fail altogether, and 

 tke Sumbawa River is then about a foot deep of clear water. In the north-west part of the island is the terrible volcano 

 Tambora, with a crater 8 miles in diameter, which is 9,000 feet high. At the east end of the island is Bima (Bay) a 

 narrow inlet running north and south for 15 miles. Every little cove of this inlet is beautified with coco palms, though 

 the country itself is so dry. To the west is a range of mountains 5,800 feet high, which shuts in the inlet. The island 

 is almost divided in two by the Gulf of Salee or Sumbawa, from north to south-east ; the island Moyo is at its head, 

 and several smaller islets are situated down its eastern course, such as Danga, Ngali, and Rakit. Along the south and 

 west coast it is pierced by many rivers : on the south coast is Mount Dodo 3,937 feet ; and north-east of Dodo is Mount 

 Rapang 4,100 feet high. At the extreme east on the south coast are two islands, Sido and Tenfgam ; while west of 

 these is Tiempia inlet, running about 12 miles to the north, and fed in the wet season by two rivers running north-west 

 and north-east, the latter 20 miles long. North-east of the east end of the island and a few miles away is the 

 mountain island of Gunong Api or Sangeang, 6,040 feet high. The western parts are divided from Lombok by Alias 

 Strait. P. Helena var. propinquus, is found on this island; also the type form of P. Naias, v. sumbawana, 

 and its variety Socrates. Among the birds may be mentioned the Lemon-crested Cockatoo, C. Sulphured ; Tropi- 

 dorhynchus timoriensis (a uniformly dull brown species with bare neck and face), a Golden Oriole ; 0. Broderipi, the 

 Malayan Goatsucker, C. Mdcrurus ; the Ashy Tit, PatUs cinereus, 2 species of nightjars; Pachycephala stigmatops ; species 

 of the genera Geoff royus and Z. osterops, a small Woodpecker Yungipicus grandis of Hargitt; and a Bush-tongued Lory 

 Trichoglossus Forsteni, &c. Over 40 species of birds were taken by the collectors of the Marchesa Expedition. Zoographi- 

 cally Sumbawa is entirely different from Java and the other great Malay islands. 



The islands of Java and Sumatra form a great ridge of volcanos and volcanic mountains more than 1,460 miles 

 from north-west to south-east, its greatest width over 210 miles, and its least 37 miles ; its greatest height 15,000 feet, 

 midway of Sumatra. In the group of islands of which these two are the chief, the most terrible outbursts of 

 volcanic fury recorded in history have at different times occurred, compared with which the displays of Etna, Vesuvius, 

 Stromboli, Kirauea in the Sandwich Islands, Mexico or S. America, are very minor affairs. Nevertheless these islands 

 are rich and beautiful ; and whether considered from a geographical, physical or zoographical point of view are of the 

 deepest interest, enhanced by the fact that, as Mr. Wallace shows, Java's fauna differs from that of its neighbours 

 Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula, more than they do from each other, and have close resemblances to the 

 Siamese Peninsula and also to the Himalayas, which Borneo and Sumatra do not exhibit. 



The Ornithoptera of these two islands are fairly numerous. We have two genera represented in Sumatra and one 

 in Java. Trogonoptera Brookeana inhabits the south and south-eastern part of the latter island ; but its metropolis is 

 Borneo — while the other members of the genus are in Palawan. Pompeoptera Vandepolli is found in Java, and its black 

 variety Honrathiana in Sumatra ; Amphrysus in west and south Java; its variety Sumatrana in the Battak Mountains, 

 in East Sumatra and at Karo, in the same island; the variety cuneifem in West Java, Mount Gede, Preanjer, Ardjoana ; 

 its variety Palabuana at Palabuan, south-west Java, Pompeus in Java (this is the analogue, or rather the Javan form of 

 Cerberus) ; Hycetus in Java ; Cerberus in Sumatra ; and Neomiranda in Western Sumatra. The Bird fauna of 

 Java furnishes 270 species — 40 of them peculiar to the island — belonging 25 genera. These comprise Jays, Gapers, 

 Bee-eaters, Woodpeckers, Cuckoos, Hornbills, Parrots, Pheasants and Partridges among the larger forms ; its 

 mammals number 90 species belonging to about 44 genera ; (but some of these have been introduced, and 

 a few are doubtful.) They include 5 or 6 Monkeys, nearly 40 Bats, 5 Cats, 9 Squirrels, 2 Swine, 2 Rats 

 and 2 deer. In Sumatra there are 12 Monkeys, 10 Bats, 8 Cats, 9 Squirrels, 2 Rats and 1 Swine ; and the whole 

 number of Mammals is over 70 species, distributed among 38 genera. The Lepidoptera and Coleoptera are very 

 numerous in both islands, and many of them very splendid ; the other orders also supply many striking forms, 

 especially among the Orthoptera. 



The Phanerogamous plants are 9,000 in number ; and among the most remarkable productions are the Pitcher 

 plants, Nepenthes. 



Of Bali and Lombok, the two islands between Java and Sumbawa, and of the islands, Flores, Pantar, 

 Wetta and Timor all east of Sumbawa, and of Sandalwood Island south of Flores, little may be said. Haliphron is found 

 in Pantar and Lombren, in South Flores at Samanger, and in Wetter ; Ndis in Pantar, Lombren, Flores and Sumba. 



