right valve sometimes slightly overlaps that of the left. These valves are united to the penultimate segment of the 

 abdomen by fully working joints. It is possible that, while this portion of the abdomen ma)' generally be curved down- 

 ward for union with the ? , it ma)' be capable of moving in the upward direction also — especially as the 2 ? of some 

 of the tribe are known to woo the <? $ , as the author has shown in another place. These valves are convex externally, and 

 concave internally : their purpose is to enclose the genitalia, &c. The valves are closed on the exterior with scales 

 similar to that of the body ; their free edges have generally a fringe of hair-like scales, which in some species are denser 

 than in others, and likewise longer : they serve to protect the genital cavity when the valves are closed, from dust or 

 any injurious matter which might otherwise drift in — the fringed edges are in close contact when the valves are at 

 rest ; the edges are sometimes slightly grooved without, so that the fringed edges appear to be doubly efficient for their 

 purpose, by protecting a small portion outside the valves as well as in guarding the opening of them. The valves of 

 A ruana and A mphrysus are denesly fringed with these hair scales: Brookeana still more so. Of course as Philip H. 

 Gosse has shewn, there are many variations of form, and structure found even among the Ornithoptera, to say nothing 

 of the other Papilionines. He also suggested a better name for these organs than valves namely kovWoo (a sheath or 

 scabbard). 



The larvae of the tribe Troides are large, heavy looking creatures, dark in colour generally ; their segments 

 are armed with a number of thick, obtuse, sometimes rather sharp, fleshy protuberances, varying probably 

 from 3 to 6 on each segment ; and each of the retractile nuchal tentacles is enclosed in an external sheath. In 

 ./Etheoptera the fleshy protuberances are somewhat different in colour and shape from those of Pompeoptera ; but 

 more particulars on this subject will be given in the 2nd vol. of this work. Of larvae that bear a close resemblance to 

 those of Troides Papilio diphilus, Esp., and P. Hector, Linnaeus, may be cited. Of the chrysalids it may suffice to say 

 in this place that they appear to bear a very close resemblance to each other throughout the tribe, as the Pupa plate 

 in the 2nd vol. will show. 



It may be interesting and instructive at this point to bring before our minds a brief description of what the ideal 

 pattern of the genus Ornithoptera would be ; and this will help us to understand how naturally the different so-called 

 species of this and other genera have been able to vary in pattern as they have, and what possibilities there 

 may yet be in store for them, as their environments slowly but surely become modified. 



The <? anterior wings velvety black ; a more or less broad subcostal band of green, extending from near the 

 apical angle to near the base of the wings ; a narrow band of green along the inner margin from the base to the posterior 

 or anal angle, proceeding from thence up the posterior or hind margin nearly to the apex or anterior angle, but divided 

 more or less in the upper half of its course by the veinlets ; all these green marks are softened into the black by green 

 atoms or scales ; a brown discal pupiform stigma (entirely a 3 character) ; the median vein and its branches absorbed 

 in the velvety black of the wing. 



[Note : The median and other veins with a tendency to become green-scaled ; and the green areas of the veins 

 may (and sometimes do) encroach, until perhaps at some future time nearly or quite all the upper wing may become 

 green ; but the wing will never become all black. The green is dark originally, but becomes more golden ; and 

 forms may be found yet where the golden tone will be so great as almost to eliminate the green in some lights at least ; 

 the green always shot with purple, opal, or fiery orange reflections, when viewed in the right position ; the green may 

 and does become intense golden orange or lilac, blue or violet, (or yellow). The pupaeform stigma may either be very 

 black, so as to be almost indistinguishable from the black (in which case it exhibits silvery reflections if viewed in the 

 proper position) or a rich red brown, and very prominent.] 



The under surface of the anterior wing very dark brown ; the discoidal cell with a blue-green spot or mark at 

 the lower portion of the distal end, which is of no great extent ; a discal broad transverse band of blue-green, extending 

 from the submedian nervure up the wing to between the 3rd and 4th subcostal nervules ; this band is divided distinctly 

 into separate parts by the veins and veinlets and their black borderings, and so divided at its outer third by black 

 lunate marks between the veins as to separate the outer 4th and make them appear as if they were independent green 

 spots : these are always more golden green than the rest of the band. 



[Note : This band may be so broken up as to become a double transverse row of green spots : it does especially 

 so in the Australian Cassandra and Richmondia ; or the black spots may become very small, as in some Aruanas ; the green 

 of the cell may become more extensive, and the entire area of the wing may possibly become quite green, or intensely 

 golden green, or greenish-blue, or golden-yellow green ; but an orange, blue, or red underside is a sunlikely to appear as 

 a blue rose or dahlia in the plant world.] 



Posterior wings green ; a discal row or band of variously shaped black spots parallel with the outer margin 4 

 or 5 in number ; a submarginal black band from the anal angle to the base of the costa ; base of the wing above the 

 precostal veins black ; a scaling of black atoms from the base, which may spread over the whole wing. 



[Note : The green colour can vary from an olive golden-yellow to blue-green, blue, purple, violet, and fiery 

 orange ; the black spots may be very large or very small, or obsolete, or rudimentary, or entirely absent, or vary from 

 o to 5 ; small golden silky submarginal spots may also be present between the black marginal border and the black 

 spots, in numbers varying from 1 to 4 ; the cell also, and the upper part of the disc, may have golden silky marks, 

 generally of a fairly large size, as in Croesus. The colour reflections of such wings will, when the wing is golden orange, 

 be green.] 



Under surface of posterior wings green, but golden-green or yellow towards or at the outer margin and the costal 



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