becomes more ample after leaving the discoidal cell — ex- 

 tending over the 4th and 5th veins, almost describing the 

 figure of an Si finally turning up to a point near to the 

 outer margin, the 3rd band runs along by the under 

 (inner) margin, gradually diminishing in breadth to its 

 termination, and is shorter than the two former. The 

 under wing is oval, smaller than that of O. Priamus ; a 

 golden-yellow band extends over the entire length from 

 the base, but between the extremity of the discoidal cell 

 and the outer margin is abruptly broken off ; as is a by 

 no means large part of the cell along its lower portion ; 

 about 2-3rds of the space between the first and fourth 

 veins are occupied by 3 sinuate figures, containing also 

 3 equal sized black spots ; the separated portions consist 

 of 2 sordid spots between the 5th and 7th veins, of which 

 the uppermost is not so large as the lower ; a green ground 

 is close to the golden-yellow band, comprising the lower 

 portion of the cell, the lower half between the 4th, 5th, 

 and 6th veins, and from thence entirely to the outer 

 margin from the middle patch ; the inner (interior) margin 

 is broad, and (strongly curved) with a wide dark edge, 

 outwardly grayish, and partly turned around (omgeslagen) 

 clothed with dense flesh-coloured hairs that reach over 

 the abdomen. The outer margin with a small curved 

 portion of the edge, black. The apical angle of the wing 

 is obtuse, and the anal angle curved outwardly. 



The under surface of the wing, with the exception of the 

 large black portion is greenish yellow ; the whole black 

 mark from the base becomes suddenly a large sloping 

 oblique (or transverse) band over the centre of the wing, 

 followed by 3 black spots, between the 4th, 5th, and 6th 

 veins, parallel to the outer margin, which itself is alto- 

 gether black. The under side of the hinder wing is almost 

 entirely of the same golden yellow as upon the upper 

 surface— the rest of the wing space being quite green, 

 with a black band under the median vein, which extends 

 itself along half the wing (from the base) followed by a 

 light yellow mark to the anal angle ; a single black spot 

 occurs on the end of the cell, and 4 sordid spots of the 

 same colour between the 1st and 6th *veins ; the outer 

 margin with a narrowing black edge. 



The thorax is entirely black ; the abdomen rich yellow j 

 with two black dots on the upper side of each articulation. 



It may be observed, in comparing de Haan's fig. of the 

 type 6* of this species with the <? of 5. Paradisea that, 

 as I have pointed out in the diagnosis of the genus (page 

 ix.) though there are important differences between 

 the two species, one feels fully justified in including them 

 both in the same genus ; but while this is the case the 

 divergences are much greater between their males and the 

 S of M Victoria, and such as to sufficiently prove that 

 they are not congeneric with Victoria. 



(a.) The costa of the anterior wing of Paradisea is 

 almost a straight line, only curving very sensibly towards 

 the apex ; in Tithonus the costal arch is very strongly pro- 

 nounced ; the apex in Paradisea is rather sharply pointed, 

 in Tithonus the respective curves of the costa, apex and 

 posterior margin graduate almost insensibly into each 

 other, giving the wing almost a subcostal outline instead of 



• The Dutch Entomologists of De Haan's time used a different nomenclature for 

 the veins of the wings, than that now adopted. Thus, the costal nervure of the lower 

 wing would be the ist vein ; the ist and 2nd subcostal branches would be the 2nd 

 and 3rd veins | the discoidal nervule the 4th ; the ist, 2nd, and 3rd median branches 

 the 5th, 6th and 7th ; and the submedian nervure the 8th vein ; the subcostal nervure 

 was called the upper middle vein ; and the median nervure the lower middle vein ; 

 a similar arrangement applies to the upper wing. 



the singularly obvious triangulate outline of Paradisea ; 

 the posterior margin of Paradisea is conspicuously convex, 

 of Tithonus concave.* 



(b.) The neuration of the Tithonus anterior wings bears 

 a closer superficial resemblance to that of the 2 of 

 Paradisea than to its 6* ; and a yet closer resemblance to 

 the corresponding wing of JE. Victoria; but the arrange- 

 ment of the median nervules in Victoria, the singularly 

 curved discoidal nervules, the direction of the ist and 

 2nd discocellular nervules, and the ample cell are not 

 repeated in Paradisea, and as far as the cell is concerned 

 only slightly in Tithonus. As a set-off to these facts we 

 find the 4th and 5th subcostal veins branching off at a 

 great distance from the end of the cell in Paradisea 3 and 

 2 , and Victoria $ and 2 , but at a very short distance 

 from the same point in the <? of Tithonus. The 3rd 

 subcostal vein commences at the apex of the cell, as in 

 Paradisea : in Priamus a little beyond (but this distance 

 varies a little in the genus Ornithoptera), in Victoria and 

 its allies also a little beyond, and sometimes exactly at 

 the apex of the cell. On the posterior wing of the latter 

 the neuration resembles that of Victoria more closely than 

 of Paradisea, the outline of the wing is more like that of 

 Victoria; but the anal angle and abdominal fold are 

 obviously related to those of Paradisea. 



(c.) The anterior wings of Victoria and Paradisea are 

 formatively more alike than are either to Tithonus. 



{d.) But it is when we observe that neither Paradisea 

 nor Tithonus possesses a stigmatic brand, or even an 

 abdominal fold, as do the males of the other genera of the 

 Ornithoptera (Drurya excepted) — that the colours of the 

 two species are most like each other, and least like those 

 of ^Etheoptera, — that the $ of Paradisea is tailed, — that 

 the abdominal fringe is white and long in Paradisea, 

 and long and light sienna-brown in Tithonus; and 

 very unlike that of any other genus, — that the abdo- 

 men is different in shape and arrangement of markings, 

 though in the former case most like that of Victoria, — 

 that the shape of the head and eyes of Paradisea differs 

 from that of any other Ornithoptera, being much like the 

 head and eyes of a dipterous insect, — and that the form 

 of the legs, and colour of the femora differ also, we at 

 once find the amplest justification in placing Tithonus 

 and Paradisea provisionally in the same genus, and re- 

 garding them as only distinctly related to the genus 

 ^Etheoptera. Then as regards the females, though 

 they are unlike those of Victoria, there is a strong resem- 

 blance to those of the genus Ornithoptera, but a still 

 closer resemblance to those of the different members of 

 their own genus. We should not feel justified in placing 

 the females of Paradisea, Tithonus, or of Oberthiir's Goliath 

 in the genus Ornithoptera, though they appear to be 

 closely related. It is difficult to fully define the differences 

 which distinguish the two sets of species, but we may call 

 attention to the light-coloured femora, and the white 

 colouring of the precostal cell — a character not met with 

 in the females of Ornithoptera or indeed of the other 

 genera, except Drurya where the femora are yellow as in 

 the $ of Paradisea. 



* The outline of the anterior wings of Paradisea remind us of those of the beautiful 

 chalcosiid moths of the genus Histia, which are generally very triangulate, and 

 narrow in comparison with their posterior wings, while the latter in some examples 

 or species ot the genus are more closely represented by the form of the hind wings 

 of Tithonus. It may be mentioned that Histia is Papilionoid in appearance. 



