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ORNITHOPTERA PRIAMUS. 



$ $ . The number of the black subdiscal spots on the 

 posterior wing varies in this type species, and appears to 

 set the fashion in this particular to all its derivative 

 forms, including even Urvilliana. In a series in the Tring 

 Museum, 8 examples had 4 spots each ; 3 were orna- 

 mented with 5 each, and 1 example had only 2 small 

 spots. The number of spots on the undersurface of the 

 wing also varies, but is generally 6 or 7. It would appear 

 from my examination of a considerable number of 

 examples, that the more numerous these spots are, the 

 larger is their size ; where there are only about 2 on the 

 wing they became very small or rudimentary. 



In the Tring Museum there are 11 specimens from 

 Amboina and 3 from Ceram. The size of the species is 



also subject to considerable variation, though not so 

 much as in others of its derivative species. There is one 

 example at Tring nearly the size of a Richmondia, and 

 another smaller. But this is really the largest of the 

 species as far as the 3 is concerned. 



2 2 . Vary very much in depth of colour : some being 

 very melanistic, others very light ; often it is the lower 

 wing that is melanistic, and the upper wing that is 

 lightest : but every gradation between the two extremes 

 may be met with. There is also a similar gradation in 

 the size and distinctiveness of the markings, for in some 

 even the darker marks are often greatly subdued in tone. 

 There are 11 examples from Amboina in the Tring 

 Museum. 



The rule is that the anterior wing discoidal cell of the 

 2 is immaculate ; but I have seen 2 or 3 examples where 

 a small spot occurs. There is one in the Brit. Museum, 

 ex Godman et Salvin coll. It is from Ceram. In the 

 same collection there are 4 $ $ and 4 ? 2 , three of the 

 latter very dark, and one red-brown. The Staudinger 

 collection contains 6 $ $ and 6 2 ? , from Amboina and 

 Saparua, also the Pupa ; the Nat. Hist. Museum 4 

 examples of each sex. In the Hope Museum, Oxford, 

 are 2 $ $ and 322. 



O. CASSANDRA, (EUPHORION, of Gray). 



$ . The subdiscal spots on the posterior wing, 4, 5, 

 or 6, the anterior spot often very large ; the golden yehow 

 submarginal spots (on the yellow band of the undersur- 

 face) vary from o to 5, and the same above. 



In the Staudinger Coll. 6 3 $ , 5 2 2 ; at Vienna 3 

 $ $ , 1 2 ; at Tring 41 <? $ , 25 2 2, also larva and 

 pupa. 



2 2 . The anterior wing cell-spot very variable. In 

 some the light cell-mark is moderately small, and nearest 

 the costa ; in two examples the spot is ideally divided 

 into 5 parts, the middle part absent ; in one the mark 

 occupies 1 -6th of the cell, and is homogenous ; in one the 



mark is divided into 4 small parts, and the specimen is 

 large ; in a number of others there is every gradation of 

 size, some being very large, others very small. The 

 marks on the posterior wings are also nearly obsolete. 

 Length of costa varies from 71 to 95 mms. 



5 $ $ from Queensland and 1 from Cape York ; also 

 1 2 including the type from N. W. Australia, and 1 from 

 Cape York, are in the British Museum. 



One of these examples of the 2 is from Lizard Island: 

 the wings are very melanistic, — the anterior wings with 

 only 6 light marks, and the hind wings only have 3 accu- 

 minate marks, which are almost obsolete, and 3 sordid 

 yellow spots. In the Brit. Museum series the anterior 

 cell mark is generally oblique, narrow, often more or less 

 divided, sometimes only the upper divisions appearing, 

 sometimes only the lower : and the other white marks of 

 the wing are generally small, even reduced to mere dots. 



In the Dublin Museum are 1 

 district of Queensland. 



<? , 1 2 , from the Cairns 



O. RICHMONDIA. 



There is really little or no important difference between 

 this and Cassandra, except in size, and the two can only 

 be regarded as local forms — the size being determined by 

 some distinct quality of the food plant peculiar to each 

 locality. In every respect the scales possess the same 

 varying tones of colour and character of markings, to a 

 remarkable degree in each form, so that the descriptions 

 of any number of specimens of one would exactly fit those 

 of the other, except in size — and even here there is often 

 an approach to each other. 



Of Richmondia, from Richmond River, N. S. Wales, 

 the Tring Museum possesses 10 $ , 8 2 , and the larva 

 and pupa. My own collection 7 ^, 5 J ; Vienna 

 Museum 3 $ , 1 2 ; Staudinger coll. 7 $ , 4 2 ; Brit. 

 Museum 1 3- , 1 ? from Moreton Bay, 5 $ Queensland, 

 1 $ Richmond River, 3 2 ibid loc, 1 example of 

 desquamated $ wings ; in the Dublin Museum 1 <? , 1 2 . 



In a very courteous letter sent to me by Mr. Walter W. 

 Froggatt, the Government Entomologist of N. S. Wales, 

 he remarks : " this species is common on the northern 

 Rivers of N. S. Wales and southern Queensland (Ma- 

 rochy River is its northern limit), but it does not come 

 very far south below the Clarence River. The specimens 

 sent were taken about 6 miles from Lismore. 0. Cassandra, 

 Scott, is the common species from Mackay to Cooktown 

 in Queensland. I have taken a good many on the Russell 

 River near Cairns, N. Queensland. ... I have bred 

 them from larvae obtained in the same district. The 

 larva is of a rich black velvety colour, slightly spined with 

 fleshy tubercules on the sides, and a rich crimson blotch 

 on either side of the thorax." 



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