XIV CONTENTS. 



IV. Water — (continued). page 



2. The Ocean — including also Large Lakes 657 



1. Oceanic Forces — Currents — Waves 663 



2. Effects of Oceanic Forces 663 



1. Erosion 663 



2. Transportation 665 



3. Distribution — Marine and Fluvio-Marine Formations . 666 



4. Action over a Submerged Continent 672 



3. Freezing and Frozen Water 674 



1. Freezing Water 674 



2. Ice of Rivers and Lakes . . . 674 



3. Glaciers 675 



4. Icebergs 686 



4. Water as a Chemical Agent 687 



1. Destructive Woi'k . . 687 



2. Formative Work 691 



V. Heat 697 



1. Sources of Heat 697 



2. Expansion and Contraction 700 



3. Igneous Action and Results . 702 



1. Volcanoes .' 702 



2. Non-volcanic Igneous Eruptions 716 



3. Subordinate Igneous Phenomena — Hot Springs, Geysers . . 718 



4. Sources of Igneous Eruptions 722 



4. Metamorphism 724 



5. Formation of Veins 731 



VL The Earth a Cooling Globe: its Consequences .... 735 



1. General Considerations 735 



2. Flexures, Fractures, Earthquakes 739 



3: Evolution of the Earth's Fundamental Features .... 744 



4. Changes in Climate 754 



VII. Progress in accordance with the Universal Law of Develop- 



ment 756 



VIII. Effects referred to their Causes. Recapitulation . . . 758 



COSMOGONY 765 



APPENDIX. 



A. Suggestions to Working Geologists 771 



B. Catalogue of American Localities of Fossils 772 



C. Brief Synopsis of this Manual 775 



D. Authorities for the Figures of Fossils, Sections, and Views 783 



INDEX ... 789 



