CONTENTS. Xlll 



III. MESOZOIC TIME — (continued). page 



2. Foreign 423 



3. General Observations . 429 



2. Jurassic Period 431 



1. American 431 



2. Foreign 433 



3. General Observations 450 



4. Disturbances closing the Jurassic Period ..... 452 



3. Cretaceous Period 453 



1. American 454 



2. Foreign 469 



3. General Observations . 477 



4. General Observations on the Mesozoic Age .... 481 



5. Disturbances closing Mesozoic Time 487 



IV. CENOZOIC TIME 488 



I. The Tertiary, or Mammalian Age 489 



1. American 490 



2. Foreign 512 



3. General Observations ' . 520 



PI. Quaternary Age, and Era of Man 527 



1. Glacial Period . 527 



2. Champlain Period 542 



3. Recent Period 556 



4. Life of the Early and Middle Quaternary 563 



5. Modern Era 579 



III. General Observations on the Cenozoic 585 



1. Time-Ratios 585 



2. Geography 586 



3. Life 588 



V. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON GEOLOGICAL HISTORY . . 590 



1. Length of Geological Time 590 



2. Geographical Progress 591 



3. Progress of Life 592 



PART IV. — Dynamical Geology. 



General Subdivisions 605 



I. Life 606 



1. Protective Effects 606 



2. Transporting Effects 607 



3. Destructive Effects 607 



4. Contributions to Rock Formations 608 



II. Cohesive and Capillary Attraction — Gravitation . . .627 



III. The Atmosphere ■ m 630 



IV. Water ... % 635 



1. Fresh Waters 635 



A. Superficial Waters — Rivers and Smaller Lakes .... 685 



1. Erosion 637 



2. Transportation 647 



3. Distribution — Alluvial Formations 649 



B. Subterranean Waters 653 



