CARBONIFEROUS AGE. 341 



(Fig. 666), besides fragments of many other specimens of the Pupa, 

 and a few individuals of the small Spirorbis, represented in Fig. 661, 

 on page 333. Dawson observes that the shells were probably the 

 food of the Reptiles, adding that he has found, in the stomach of a 

 recent Menobranchus (M. lateralis Harlan), as many as eleven un- 

 broken shells of the fresh-water snail Physa heterostropha. 



Such a congregation of animals in a single stump proves, as Dawson 

 states, that the species of the tribes represented were not rare in the 

 marshes and forests of Carboniferous Acadia. 



Footprints of Labyrinthodonts have been found in the Coal- 

 measures of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, and Nova Scotia ; 

 and others, apparently of true Reptiles, have been reported from 

 Kansas. 



True Reptiles were represented, according to specimens of ver- 

 tebrae from Nova Scotia, by the tribe of Enaliosaurs, or Sea-saurians 

 as the word means ; swimming species that had paddles instead of 

 feet. (Jurassic kinds are represented in the figures on pages 442, 

 443.) Fig. 681 a shows the biconcave form of the vertebrae, a fish- 

 like feature, characterizing this tribe of Saurians. 



Characteristic Species. 



1. Protozoans Rhizopods. — Fig. 646 B, Fusulina cylindrica Fischer ; F. gracilis 



M., and F. robusta M. ; considered varieties of one species by Meek. The foraminifers 

 occur in vast numbers, almost making up the limestones in some places, and have been 

 observed in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, and Kansas. In the United 

 States, the genus Fusulina is confined to the Coal-measures; but in Russia it occurs also 

 in the upper part of the Subcarboniferous rocks. 



2. Radiates. — (a.) Polyps. — The Corals Lophophyllum proliferum McChesney, 

 from Illinois, Syringopora mult-attenuata McChesney, Campophyllum torquium Ow. 

 (b.) Acalephs. — Chcetetes milleporaceus. (c.) Echinoderms. — Crinoids, of the genera 

 Poteriocrinus, Actinocrinus, Cyathocrinus, Zeacrinus, Erisocrinus, Scajphiocrinus, Eupa- 

 chymnus, Agassizocrinus, etc.; Echinoids, of the Paleozoic genus Archmocidaris. 



3. Mollusks. — («..) Brachiopods. — Fig. 649, Spirifer cameratus Mort. (S. Meuse- 

 bachanus R.), from the Lower and Upper Coal-measures, and occurring in Ohio, Ken- 

 tucky, Indiana. Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, and Utah. This 

 species is closely allied to S. striatus Sow. (Figs. 221, 222, p. 171), and is regarded by 

 some as only a variety of it; but it belongs exclusively, in this country at least, to the 

 Coal-measures, and not to the Subcarboniferous, in which the S. striatus is found well 

 marked. Fig. 647, Prodactus Nebrascensis Ow., from Illinois, Kansas, and New 

 Mexico; Fig. 648, Chonetes mesoloba N. & P., a common species; Fig. 650, Athyris 

 ( Spirigera) subtilita Newb., very common in the Coal-measures, and not known in the 

 American Subcarboniferous, although reported from the latter in England; there are, 

 however, Subcarboniferous forms distinguishable with difficulty from it. Spiriferina 

 Kentuckensis is an Upper Coal-measure species, from Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, and 

 near Pecos village, New Mexico; Spirifer Vne'itus Phill., Meekella stria to -costata 

 White and St. John, from Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa: Syntrielasma hemiplicata M. & 

 AY., Illinois and Utah; Orthis carbonnria Swallow; Terebratula bovidens Mort.; Hemi- 

 pmnites crassus M. & H. ; Cryptacanthia ( Waldheimia) comprtcta White & St. John. 



The following first appeared in the Subcarboniferous, and are continued into the 

 Carboniferous: Productus 'punctatus (Fig. 596, p. 300), P. cora, P. muricatus, P. stmi- 

 rtticulatus (Fig. 239, p. 173), Spirifer lintatus. 



