■508 CENOZOIC TIME. 



number of Mammals, all now extinct. They include three species of 

 Camel (genus Procamelus) ; a Rhinoceros (R. crassus L.) as large as 

 the Indian species ; a Mastodon (M. mirificus L.) smaller than the M. 

 Americanus L. of the Quaternary ; an Elephant (JSlephas Ameri- 

 canus), occurring also in the Quaternary ; four or five species of the 

 Horse family, one of which was closely like the modern Horse ; a 

 species of Deer (Cervus Warreni L.) ; others near the Mush-deer of 

 Asia ; species of Merychyus, allied to Oreodon ; a Wolf, larger than 

 any living species; a small Fox ; a Tiger (Felis augustus L.), as large 

 as the Bengal Tiger, besides other Carnivores ; a small Reaver ; a 

 Porcupine. The collection of animals has a strikingly Oriental char- 

 acter, except in the preponderance of Herbivores. Other kinds have 

 been since discovered, much extending the fauna. 



Characteristic Species. 

 1. Lignitic Period. 



1. Radiates. — In the Lignitic coal-bearing bed, south of the Uintah Mountains, 

 Marsh found a Crinoid near the Marsupites of the Cretaceous, and in the same vicinity 

 Ostrea congesta, and scales of a Beryx, other Cretaceous forms. It is at present doubt- 

 ful whether the beds are Cretaceous or Tertiary. 



2. Mollusks In the coal-bearing or Lignitic group of the Eocky Mountain 



region, referred by some to the Cretaceous formation, occur, at different levels (p. 501), 

 Inoceramus problematicus and other Inocerami, an Anchura, Gyrodes depressa M., all Cre- 

 taceous forms. With these are found Cardium subcurtum M., Avicula gastrodes M., Ostrea 

 soleniscus M., Cyrena CarltoniM., Modiola muUUinigera M., Neritina jnsum M., Tur- 

 ritella Coalvillensis M., T. spironema M., Cyprimera(?)isonema M., Eulima funicula M., 

 E. chrysalis M., E.(?) inconspicua M., Melampus aniiquus M., species of Unio ; Corbicula 

 securis M., C. cequ [lateralis M., C. fracta M., Viviparus trochiformis M. ; also, in some beds 

 in the series, species of the fresh-water genera, Physa, Valvata, Cyrena, Neritina, with 

 those of Melampus, Eulima, Tumtella, etc.; or of Goniobasis, Viviparus, Corbicula, Cor- 

 bula. along with Ostrea, Anomia, and Modiola. In the fresh and brackish water Lignitic 

 beds of the Upper Missouri region, Figs. 908, 908 a, Corbula (Potamomya) mactriformis 

 M. & H. ; Fig. 909, Corbicula intermedia M. & H. ; Fig. 910, Unio priscus M. & H. ; 

 Fig. 911, Viviparus returns M. & H. ; Fig. 912, Melania Nebrascensis M. & H. ; Fig. 

 913, Viviparus Leai M. & H. 



Meek states that the species of Melampus differ little from those of the Paris Tertiary 

 Basin ; that the species of Corbula, Corbicula, Physa, Cyrena, Neritina, are very similar 

 to species of the Lower Tertiary in the Upper Missouri region ; also that Viviparus tro- 

 chiformis M. is a Tertiary species of the Upper Missouri ; while, on the other hand, an 

 Anomia is very similar to a Texas Cretaceous species. 



In California, in the Tejon group, occur, according to Gabb. species of Ammonites 

 <one, A. jugalis Gabb), Fusus, Surcula, Typhis, Tritonium, Nassa, Pseudoliva, Olivella, 

 Fasciolaria, Mitra, Ficus, Natica, Lunatia. Neverita, Naticina, Scalaria, Terebra, Niso, 

 Cerithiopsis, Architectonica, Conus, Rimella, Cyprcea, Loxotrema, Turritella, Galerus, 

 Nerita, Margaritella, Gadus, Bulla; Solen, Corbula, Necera, Tellina, Donax, Venus, 

 Meretrix, Dosinia, Tapes, Cardium, Cardita, Lucina. Crassatella (C. alta Con.), Myti- 

 lus, Modiola, Avicula, Area, Axincea, Pecten, Ostrea, with the coral Trochosmilia striata 

 Gabb. 



3. Fishes, Reptiles — In the beds of the Upper Missouri, occur scales of Lepi- 



