TERTIARY AGE. 513 



Germ.) The Suessonian (from Soissons) of D'Orbigny includes part of the Lower Eo- 

 cene (the London Clay excluded); also a large part of the Nummulitic beds. 



3. Upper Eocene. — (1.) Barton Clay, of Great Britain; Lower Laeckenian, of 

 Belgium: Lower zone of Sables Moyens, of France. (2.) Upper Bagshot beds, of 

 Britain; Upper Laeckenian (?) of Belgium; Upper zone of Sables Moyens, of France. 

 (3.) Osborn and Headon beds, of Great Britain; part of Upper Laeckenian (?); Cal- 

 caire Marin et Gres de Beauchamp. (4.) Bembridge beds, of Great Britain; Calcaire 

 Siliceux, Calcaire Lacustre Moyen, Gypseous series of Montmartre, of France; Ton- 

 grian, of Belgium. The preceding 1 to 4 correspond to the Upper Nummulitic beds, 

 and the upper part of the Flysch, of Switzerland. (5.) Hempstead beds, of Great Brit- 

 ain; Marnes Marines, Gres de Fontainebleau; Rupelian of Dumont. 



The Lower Fahlunian of D'Orbigny included the Gres de Fontainebleau, and the 

 Upper, the Miocene. The Oligocene of some geologists comprises the preceding sec- 

 tions, 3 to 5, of the Upper Eocene, with the following Lower Miocene. The Flysch, of 

 Switzerland, is a thick formation of dark-colored shale and sandstone, overlying Num- 

 mulitic beds, and abounding in Fucoids ( Choiulrites) ; it corresponds to the sections 1, 

 2, 3 of the Upper Eocene. 



4. Lower Miocene. — Britain. — Marine and fresh-water Lignites, and Clay of 

 Bovey Tracey; Isle of Mull Leaf -bed and Coal. Europe. — Part of Terrain Tertiaire 

 Moyen ; Lacustrine of Auvergne ; Mayence basin ; part of Tile clay near Berlin ; Cy- 

 rena shale of South Bavaria, characterized by Cyrena semistriata Desh. ; probably the 

 so-called Miocene of Mayence and Castel-Gomberto ; also the fresh-water Molasse of 

 the cantons of Vaud, Berne, and Argovie ; Radaboj beds of Croatia ; Miocene beds of 

 Greenland. 



5. Upper Miocene. — Britain. — No marine beds. Europe. — Upper Fahlun- 

 ian of D'Orbigny; Fahluns of Touraine; beds of Gironde and Landes; part of Vienna 

 basin; Superga Hill, near Turin; marine Molasse, and Upper fresh-water Molasse, in 

 Switzerland; Siwalik Hills, India. 



6. Older Pliocene. — Britain.— Coralline Crag and Red Crag of Suffolk, about 

 100 feet in all. Europe. — Subapennine marls and sands; Upper massive beds of Mont- 

 pellier; Hills of Rome; Mount Mario, etc.; Antwerp and Normandy Crag; part of 

 Upper fresh-water Molasse; Aralo-Caspian deposits. 



7. Newer Pliocene. — Britain. — Norwich Crag, of fluvio-marine origin, con- 

 taining mostly shells of species now found in British seas, with some Mammalian re- 

 mains ; Forest-bed of Norfolk cliffs, with Ele2)has meridionalis, etc. Europe. — Sicilian 

 Pleistocene formation, which covers nearly half the island of Sicily; near the centre of 

 the island, at Castrogiovanni, it has a height above the sea of 3,000 feet; the upper 

 two thirds of the whole are limestone, and the rest mainly sandstone and conglomerate, 

 underlaid by marl or clay. 



The diversity of the beds in the Tertiary period is well shown in the Paris basin for- 

 mation. There is, first, a bed of plastic clay with lignite, containing in some places 

 Oysters (O. bellovacina) and a few other marine species, and in other layers lacustrine 

 shells, along with bones of the earliest quadrupeds of the age; second, a series of beds 

 of coarse limestone (Calcaire Grossier), with green marls, abounding in some parts in 

 Nummulites and other Rhizopods; containing marine shells (over 500 species in all) in 

 certain beds, a mingling of species of Cerithium with fresh-water shells in others, and 

 also bones of Mammals; third, over this limestone, a siliceous limestone, containing a 

 few fresh water shells; fourth, Gypseous marls, well displayed in the hill of Mont- 

 martre, the great repository of the bones of Eocene Mammals, explored by Cuvier, and 

 containing also remains of Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes, with a few fresh-water shells: 

 fifth, sandstone, Gres de Fontainebleau, marine in origin, and regarded as of the same 

 age with the lower part of the Molasse of Switzerland; sixth, Upper Lacustrine, or 

 fresh-water beds. 



In the European Eocene, the fossils are all, or very nearly all, of 

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