TERTIARY AGE. 515 



lar, Alder, Beech, Plane-tree, and Lime. As Lyell observes, " such a 

 vigorous growth of trees within 12° of the pole, where now a dwarf 

 Willow and a few herbaceous plants form the only vegetation, and 

 where the ground is covered with almost perpetual snow and ice, is 

 truly remarkable." 



Eocene plant-beds occur also at Sotzka in Upper Styria, Sagor in Illyria, Monte Cro- 

 mina in Dalmatia, etc. ; others referred to the Miocene epoch exist at Bilin in Bohemia; 

 St. Gallen in Switzerland; CEningen in Germany; at Parschlug, Fohnsdorf, Leoben, 

 Kbflach. etc., in Styria; at Swoszowice in Galicia, etc. 



Out of 180 species from the Eocene beds of Haring, 55, according to Ettingshausen, 

 are Australian in type, 28 East Indian, 23 tropical American, 14 South African, 8 Pa- 

 cific, 7 North American and Mexican, 6 West Indian, 5 South European. The resem- 

 blance to Australia consists not merely in the number of related species, but in their 

 character, — the small, oblong, leathery-leaved Proteacece and Myrtacece, the delicately- 

 branching Casuarirue, the Cypress-like species of Frenela and Callitris, etc. Only eleven 

 species have their representatives in warm-temperate climates. 



In the Miocene of Vienna, nearly a third are North American in type; but with these 

 there are some South American, East Indian, Australian, central Asiatic, and not a 

 sixth European. The species particularly related to those of North America (its warmer 

 portion) belong to the genera Fagus, Quercus, Liquiclambar, Laurus, Bumelia, Dios- 

 pyros, and Andromedites. 



The Pliocene Flora of Europe was strikingly North American in type, as Brongniart 

 has shown. He mentions as examples the following genera of temperate North America, 

 which do not now occur in Europe : Taxodium, Comptonia, Liquidambar, Nyssa, Robinia, 

 GlediUchia, Cassia, Acacia, Rhus, Juylans, Ceanothus, Celastrus, Liriodendron, Symplo- 

 cus. Moreover, certain genera, as that of the Oak ( Quercus), which have numerous 

 species in America, had many in Pliocene Europe, but have few now. 



In the Alpine Eocene of Bavaria, Gumbel has found clay-beds full of Coccoliths, with 

 Foraminifers. 



2. Animals. 



The shells of Rhizopods, foraminifers, were as important and abun- 

 dant in the Eocene Tertiary as in the Cretaceous period. 

 Among them, the coin-shaped Nummulites contributed 

 very largely to the constitution of some of the Middle 

 Eocene strata, as already stated (p. 512). A common 

 species is here represented, with ^the exterior of half of 

 it removed, so as to show the spiral ranges of cells that 

 Nummulites num- were formed by successive budding of Rhizopods. 



Mollusks were far more numerous in species and in- 

 dividuals in Europe than in North America. The shells of some 

 localities — as, for example, the Paris basin — often have nearly the 

 freshness of living species, excepting a prevalence of a white color, 

 the original tints being mostly lost. There 1 are few Brachiopods 

 (about a fifth as many as in the Cretaceous) ; and these are almost all 

 of the groups of Terebratulids and Rhynchonellids. 



The Vertebrates are the species of highest interest. The order of 



