520 CEXOZ01C TIME. 



lope, Cerrus, of Ruminants: Dinotherium ; Erinacetis, Talpa, of Insectivores; Halithe- 

 rium, Squalodon, Physeter, Delplrinus, of Mutilates. 



A few of the Pliocene genera, in addition to the modern ones already enumerated, 

 are Pithecus, SemnopWiecvs, of Quadrumanes; Mach&rodus, Ursus, Phoca, of Carni- 

 vores; Lepus, Putoriiis, Arctomys, Layomys, Arvicola, Castor, of Rodents; Baltenu, 

 Bakenodon, of Mutilates. 



The Tertiary Mammals of the Sivalik Hills, India, from beds supposed to be Upper 

 Miocene, include, besides Quadrvmana, species of Hyamarctos, Hycena, Machwrodus, 

 Fells; Elephas, Mastodon, Rhinoceros, Hexaprotodon, Hippotherium, Equus, Hippopo- 

 tamus, Sus, Anoplotherium, Chalicotherium, Merycopotamus, Camelus, Camelopardalis ; 

 Sivatheiium, Antilope, Moschus, Ovis, Bos; Dinotherium; Hystrix ; Enhydriodon. The 

 Sivatherium was an elephantine Stag, having four horns, allied to the Deer, but larger, 

 being in some points between the Stags and Pachyderms. It is supposed to have had 

 the bulk of an elephant, and greater height. Bos and the related genera probably 

 occur nowhere earlier than the Pliocene. There were Crocodiles of large size, and the 

 great turtle Colossochelys Atlas. 



Noted localities of fossil fishes are Monte Bolca, near Verona, in northern Italy, of the 

 age of the iSTummulitic beds or Middle Eocene; Canton of Glaris, in Switzerland, in 

 hard black slate, probably of the same era; Aix in Provence, and also in Auvergne, of 

 the Upper Eocene or Lower Miocene; at Turin, Tourame, Vienna, Germany, etc., of 

 the Miocene; (Eningen, of the Pliocene; also at Mount Lebanon in Asia Minor, of the 

 early Tertiary. 



8. General Observations. 



1. American Geography. — From the region of the Mississippi west- 

 ward to the Pacific, the great continental seas, in which the Cretaceous 

 formation was in progress, were for the most part shallow oceanic 

 areas ; and they covered nearly this whole range of country, except- 

 ing the sites of the Archaean mountains, that of the great plateau be- 

 tween the meridians of the Wahsatch and Sierra Nevada, and some 

 other areas of Jurassic, Triassic, or older rocks. In the Rocky Moun- 

 tain region, and also in California, the country from north to south 

 was undergoing during the Cretaceous period a gradual subsidence, 

 as already explained (p. 487) ; and thus the thousands of feet of rock 

 were slowly accumulated in waters that were never deep. As the era 

 drew toward its close, the subsidence appears to have intermitted for 

 long intervals, with perhaps some upward movements, so that the land 

 became slightly emerged. Later, the eras of intermitted subsidence 

 became greatly prolonged, £0 that immense peat beds were formed 

 from the vegetation growing over the quiet marshes ; but, between, 

 in the intervening eras, during which the sinking was renewed, 

 thick sand-beds and clay-beds were made, containing marine or fresh- 

 water shells, or both commingled, — these intervening between the 

 coal beds, and the whole making up the Tertiary deposits of the 

 Lignitic era. 



Thus gradually, so far as rock-making was concerned, the Creta- 

 ceous era' ended, and the Tertiary age began. 



