QUATERNARY AGE. — GLACIAL PERIOD. 533 



The course of the stones, gravel, and sand, and also that of the 

 scratches, is, in the main, toward the equator. 



In Europe, the Drift crossed the Baltic from Scandinavia to Den- 

 mark, Germany, and Poland ; and many stones are of great size. 

 Scandinavian rocks were also carried to the coast of Norfolk, in Eng- 

 land. The distance of travel varied from five miles, or less, to five 

 or six hundred. There is evidence also of transportation toward the 

 Polar regions. 



In Great Britain, the movements were mainly in the direction of 

 the slopes of the mountains and their valleys, the Drift radiating from 

 different centres, as the Highlands and Southern Uplands of Scotland, 

 the mountains of the Lake country in northern England, and the 

 Snowdonian heights in North Wales. There were local movements 

 of Drift also about the Pyrenees, and from Auvergne down the Dor- 

 dogne. 



The Drift phenomena are exhibited on a grand scale about the Alps, especially along 

 the valleys of the Rhone and Rhine. Lines of stones and gravel, and even great 

 bowlders, have been traced (first by Professor Guyot) from the Alpine summits about 

 Mount Blanc, by the valleys of the Trient and Rhone, to the plains of Switzerland, 

 and thence over the sites of Geneva and Neufchatel to the Jura Mountains on the 

 borders of France; and the declivity of this range, facing the Alps, is covered with 

 the bowlders; one of them, the Pierre-a-bot, — a mass of granyte (or more properly pro- 

 toffine), — is 62 feet long by 48 broad, and contains about 40.000 cubic feet, equivalent 

 to a weight of 3,000 tons. 



Moreover, the valleys of the Alps have their sides nearly horizontally grooved or 

 planed, to a height of 10,000 feet above the sea, or more than two thousand feet above 

 the present upper limit of the glaciers, or the level of any existing adequate abrading 

 agency. The bowlders and scratches have been traced beyond Geneva, even to Lyons, 

 and to Vienne, in Dauphiny. 



About Mount Antilibanus, in Syria, in latitude 34° N., glacial phenomena have been 

 observed; and also on the southern side of the Himalayas, to within 4,000 feet of the 

 sea level, if not quite down to the plains of India. 



Forced Migratio7is. — Numerous examples have been observed, in 

 Europe, of species of both plants and animals driven south by the 

 conditions of the Glacial period. Subarctic shells are found in Qua- 

 ternary deposits, on the borders of the Mediterranean ; and one of the 

 Glacial colonists, Fusus contrarius Kiener, still lives in Vigo Bay on 

 the coast of Spain, with Other Celtic species. 



3. Fiord Valleys. 



Another great fact that belongs to the Drift latitudes on all the 

 continents, and may be connected in origin with the phenomena of the 

 Glacial era, is the occurrence, on the coasts, of fiord valleys, — deep, 

 narrow channels occupied by the sea, and extending inland, often for 

 50 or 100 miles. This geographical connection with the Drift is a 

 striking one. Fiords occur on the northwest coast of Europe, from 



