QUATERNARY AGE. — CHAMPLAIN PERIOD. 549 



About Lake Winnipeg, one of 75 to 100 feet above the lake; a second of 300 to 350 

 feet (at Pembina mountain, west of Red River) (Hector). 



In the Rocky Mountains {where part of the terraces are true moraines) and to the west 

 of summit. — On the Athabasca and Saskatchewan, 300 to 370 feet; and on Bow River, 

 350 feet (Hector). At an elevation of about 6,000 feet above sea level, along the valley 

 of the Madison River, Montana, 243 feet (Hayden). At nearly 7,000 feet, south of 

 Jackson Lake, head-waters of Snake River, about 400 feet (F. H. Bradley). About 

 Great Salt Lake, Utah, 900 feet; on Marsh Creek, Idaho (one of the old outlets of Great 

 Salt Lake), 1,000 feet (F. H. Bradley); La Plata Creek, branch of Arkansas (moraine), 

 800 feet (Hayden); on Clear Creek, another branch (moraine), 600 to 800 feet (Hay- 

 den) ; Roche Moutonnee Creek, branch of Eagle River (Fig. 1106), on both sides of valley 

 (moraine), 937 feet (Hayden). 



In and west of the Sierra Nevada, and its continuation north. — Mono Lake (salt-water), 

 385 and 680 feet above the lake; King's River (moraine), 1,500 feet (Whitney); Bloody 

 Cafion, near the Yosemite (moraine), 500 feet; Hope Valley, ibid., 600 feet; Lake Ta- 

 hoe (moraine), 1,600 (?) feet (Leconte); Island of St. Nicholas, northeastern side, 30, 

 80, and 300 feet; Santa Monica Canon, where it reaches the coast, 15 miles from Los 

 Angeles, 148 and 175 feet; north side of Pajaro valley, on seashore, south of Monterey, 

 263 feet; on the Nascimiento River, 20, 80, and 187 feet; on the Salinas River, for 80 

 miles from its mouth, from 125 to 150 feet; on the Arroyo Joaquin Soto, a branch of 

 the San Benito, in the Mt. Diablo range, 225 feet; on the Sacramento River, near Red 

 Bluff, 80 to 100 feet (Whitney); on the Willamette, Oregon, 50 to 85 feet; on Frazer's 

 River, British Columbia, near Lillooett (122° W.), 500 or 600 feet (Begbie); on the Koo- 

 tanie and Upper Columbia, 600 feet (Hector); on Canoe River, a northern branch of the 

 Columbia, 400 feet (Selwyn). 



The moraines, in the Rocky Mountain region, are evidence of the level of the end of 

 the glacier, and not of that of a river terrace. A moraine on Texas Creek, Colorado, 

 600 feet high, fades out in eight miles. Those on Clear Creek, Colorado, 600 to 800 

 feet above the present stream, fall to 100 feet in six miles. (Hayden and Gardner.) 



Relation to the Level of the Ocean. — In the position of the upper 

 limit of the river-border formations, there is no direct relation to the 

 level of the ocean. They were made by flooded rivers or lakes ; and 

 the height of the flood-waters determined their level. The streams 

 of plateaus or slopes, 2,000 feet above the ocean, would have made 

 deposits at that height, plus the height of the flood above it. 



3. Sea-border Formations. — On sea-borders, the formations are, in 



general, similar to those of lake-basins and valleys, except that they 



often contain marine fossils. The seashore terrace or " bench " is 



often the termination of a river-border terrace, one graduating into 



the other, the river level and sea level being the same at the mouth of 



a stream. They are commonly called elevated beaches, though not 



always of beach origin. Like lake-border formations, they are, in 



many cases, combinations of Diluvian and Alluvian depositions ; but, 



besides beds made in shallow waters, containing shallow-water fossils, 



there are often others of deeper-water formation, different in most of 



their marine fossils. They vary also according as they were made on 



an open coast or in an estuary. 



About New Haven, Connecticut, there is a good exhibition of the deposits that were 

 made in an estuary or bay, under the action of tidal currents, that is, the incoming tidal 

 flow. The beds are, for the most part, obliquely laminated; and the laminae rise to the 



