QUATERNARY AGE. — CHAMPLAIN PERIOD. 551 



Arctica Desh., Mya truncata Linn., M. arenaria Linn., Macoma fragilis Adams, M. 

 sabulosa Morch, Astarte Laurentiana Daws., Mytilus edulis Linn., Natica clausa Brod., 

 Yoldia Glacialis Gray, Trophon clathratum Morch, Buccinum Grwnlandicum Hancock. 



Among the Beauport species, there are the following: Lunatia Grcenlandica Adams, 

 L. keros Adams, Turritella erosa Couth., Scalaria Grcenlandica Perry, Litorina palliata 

 Verr., Serripes Grcenlandicus Beck, Cardium Islandicum Chemn., Pecten Islandicus 

 Chemn., Rhynchonella psittacea Gm., and many others. All are cold-water species, so 

 that the fauna is more Arctic in character than that of Montreal, corresponding with the 

 fact that Montreal is 150 miles northwest of Beauport (Dawson). 



The coast of Maine has afforded (Packard): Pholas crispata Linn., Saxicava Arctica, 

 Mya truncata, M. arenaria, Thracia Conradi Couth., Macoma fragilis, M. sabulosa, 

 Mactra ovalis Gould, Astarte Banhsii Leach, A. elliptica Brown, A. Arctica Moller, 

 Cardium Islandicum, Serripes Granlandicus, Leda pernula Mull., L. minuta Fabr., Yol- 

 dia glacialis, Pecten Granlandicus Sow., P. Islandicus, Natica clausa, Lunatia heros, L. 

 Grcenlandica, etc. 



The species thus far discovered, with perhaps one or two exceptions, are identical with 

 those now inhabiting the Labrador seas. They number over two hundred. 



The Capelin ( Ma Uotus villosus Cuv., a common fish on the Labrador coast) has been 

 found fossil on the Chaudiere Lake in Canada, 183 feet above Lake St. Peter; on the 

 Madawaska, 206 feet; at Fort Colonge Lake, 365 feet. 



On the Bav of Fundy, at Goose Creek, there are several levels of beaches, up to a 

 height of 490 feet. (Hind.) On the coast of Labrador, the elevated Champlain beds 

 contain mostly the same species, both those of the Leda clays and the overlying beds. 

 Among the species less abundant farther south, or not at all, are Cyclocardia boi-ealis 

 Con., Astarte Banksii, Margarita varicosa Mighels, Turritella reticulata Mighels, T. 

 erosa, Aporrhais occidentalis Beck, Admete viridula Stp., Bela exarata Mull., B. harpu- 

 laria Adams., B. robusta Pack., B. turricula Montf., Fusus tornatus Gld., F. Labrador- 

 ensis Pack., Buccinum undatum Linn. (Packard.) 



South of Cape Cod, at Sancati Head on Nantucket, and at Gardner's Island, the 

 species were the warm-ioater kinds, now inhabiting this region, and not the subarctic 

 that existed north of the Cape. 



On the Pacific side, there are shell-bearing sea-border beds, at San Louis Obispo and 

 San Pedro, 80 or 90 feet above the sea, and at higher levels (Newberry) ; on north bank 

 of Lobos Creek, and west of Black Point, near San Francisco, 80 to 100 feet. Terraces 

 occur also about Sonora, Mexico. 



III. General Observations. 



1. American Geography, — The elevated sea-border formations that 

 have been described prove that, in the Champlain period, the land, 

 where such formations occur, was at the water's level. They show, for 

 example, that southern New England was 40 to 50 feet below its 

 present level ; Sancati Head, on Nantucket, 85 feet ; the coast region 

 of Maine, in some parts, 217 feet; the borders of Lake Champlain, 

 between 350 and 400 feet ; the region of the St. Lawrence, along by- 

 Montreal, nearly 500 feet ; about the Bay of Fundy, 350 to 400 feet ; 

 the Labrador coast, 400 to 500 feet ; in parts of the Arctic regions, 

 1,000 feet. Again, the close approximation in height between these 

 sea-border formations and the river-border and lake-border in the same 

 latitudes, over a considerable part of the continent, and the actual high 

 level over the whole, and also the parallel increase in height of the 

 whole on going north, are strong evidence that the depression affected 



