MAMMALIAN LIFE OF THE QUATERNARY. 567 



the E. primigenius. Fig. 947 represents one of the teeth (reduced to 

 one-fourth lineally), found in the State of Ohio. 



The teeth differ from those of the E. primigenius, in having the enamel 

 plates less crowded. 



Mastodon remains (fig. 949) are met with most abundantly over the 

 northern half of the United States, though occurring also in the Caro- 

 linas, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas. They are found also in 

 Canada and Nova Scotia. The best skeletons have been dug out of 

 marshes, in which the animals had become mired. Three perfect skele- 

 tons have been obtained from the fresh-water marshes of Orange 

 County, N. Y. ; another from near Cohoes Falls, on the Mohawk ; 

 another in Indiana ; one from a morass in New Jersey ; another on 

 the banks of the Missouri. In New England, a few bones have been 

 found near New Britain and Cheshire, Connecticut. The best of the 

 skeletons is that set up by Dr. Warren, at Boston : it was obtained 

 from a marsh near Newburgh. Its height is 11 feet; the length to 

 the base of the tail, 17 feet; the tusks 12 feet long, — 2^ feet being 

 inserted in the sockets. When alive, the height must have been 12 or 

 13 feet, and the length, adding 7 feet for the tusks, 24 or 25 feet. Re- 

 mains of the undigested food were found between his ribs, showing 

 that he lived in part on spruce and fir trees. Fig. 949, from Owen's 

 " British Mammals," represents the skeleton of this species in the 

 British Museum ; and Fig. 948, one of the teeth, one fourth the nat- 

 ural size. 



Castoroides Ohioensis Foster was a great Rodent related to the Beaver ( Castor Cana- 

 densis Kuhl). The Beaver is an animal about three feet long, exclusive of the tail; and 

 the Castoroides was almost or quite five feet. Its bones have been found in the States 

 of New York, Ohio, Mississippi (near Natchez), etc. 



Bison latifrons L. was a Bison or Buffalo, much larger than the existing Buffalo, which 

 lived in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, and over the Southern States to Texas. There 

 w r ere also species related to the Musk-ox, Ovibos bombifrons L. and 0. cavifrons L. 



A Stag, Cervus Americanus Harlan, whose bones were found near Natchez, equalled, 

 if they did not exceed in size, the Irish Deer. A Horse from the same locality was also 

 gigantic, — a fit cotemporary, as Leidy observes, of the Mastodon and Elephant. 



The Lion, Felis atrox L., was about as large as that of Britain. Only a single jaw- 

 bone of it has been found at the Natchez bone-locality, where occur remains of species 

 of Bear {Ursus amplidens L.), Horse, Elephant, Mastodon, Castoroides, Meyalonyx, and 

 Mylodon. 



A vertical opening in the limestone strata at Port Kennedy, eastern Pennsylvania, 

 described by C. M. Wheatley, has afforded remains of a large number of species of 

 extinct Mammals, the animals having fallen into it as into a trap. As identified by 

 Cope, the bones belong to thirty-four species and seventy-two individuals, and include 

 two Tapirs ( T. Americanus L. and T. Haysii L.), a Bear ( Ursus pristinus L. ), a Felis, 

 an Ox, a Horse, the American Mastodon, several species of Meyalonyx, one of Mylodon 

 (M. Harlani OVen (?)), several Rodents and a Bat. Cope observes that eleven were 

 warm-climate species, and three North American Arctic. ■ 



A cave in Wythe County, Va., and another near Galena, 111., contain some extinct 

 species, along with others that are living. (Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, xi. 171). 



In a cave near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Baird found bones of all the species of Mam- 



