MAN. 



573 



there are also great numbers of Grouse and the Snowy Owl, species 

 which have since returned to northern Europe. 



The elevation of the land during the second Glacial epoch, or Rein- 

 deer era, probably made again a dry land connection between Britain 

 and the continent, permitting of migration of the later species. The 

 Reindeer was living in Scotland, until near the end of the twelfth 

 century. 



The absence of remains of the Reindeer and other Subarctic species 

 from Spain and Italy, and the southern character of the Champlain 

 fauna, are evidence that the cold of the second Glacial period did not 

 extend beyond the Alps and Pyrenees, over southern Europe. 1 At 

 the same time, the presence of abundant remains of the Reindeer in 

 Belgian deposits of this era, without bones of the extinct Mammals 

 may be evidence that the cold of Belgium was severe enough to have 

 driven off the old warm-climate quadrupeds. An isothermal chart 

 shows that England would have had a warmer climate than Belgium. 



II. Man. 



1. Ancient Human relics. — The relics of Man, through which his 

 geological history has been deciphered, are : (1) buried human bones ; 

 (2) stone arrow-heads, lance-heads, hatchets, pestles, etc. ; (3) flint 

 chips, made in the shaping of stone implements ; (4) arrow-heads or 

 harpoon-heads, and other implements, made of horns and bones of 



Fig. 954. 



Elephas priinigenius ; engraved on ivory (X-|0- 



the Reindeer and other species ; (5) bored or notched bones, teeth, 

 or shells ; (6) cut or carved wood ; (7) bone, horn, ivory, or stone, 

 graven with figures of existing animals, or cut into their shapes, — 

 one example of which, found by Lartet, in the bone cave of La 



i On the Quaternary Fauna of Britain and Europe, see papers by W. Boyd Dawkins, 

 in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, xxv. 192, 1869; xxviii. 410, 1872. 



