MAN. 575 



are in part those of tall men. One of them, that of the cave of Men- 

 tone in the Mediterranean (just east of Nice,) according to its 

 describer, Mr. Riviere, was that of a man six feet high, with a rather 

 long but large head, high and well made forehead, and very large facial 

 angle — 85°. The frontispiece, from a photograph published by 

 Riviere, represents the skeleton as it lay, partly uncovered from the 

 stalagmite, with Mediterranean shells and flint implements and chip- 

 pings lying around, and a chaplet of stag's canines across his skull. It 

 has been regarded as one of the oldest human skeletons yet found. A 

 similar skeleton was obtained from the cave of Cro-Magnon, in Peri- 

 gord, France, whose height was five feet eleven inches, and another 

 at Grenelle, about five feet ten inches. These are referred to the 

 Reindeer era ; and the Mentone skeleton may be of the same, instead 

 of Paleolithic. 



The human remains of caverns on the Lesse valley, in the vicinity 

 of Liege, Belgium, first discovered by Schmerling in 1833-1834, are re- 

 garded as unquestionably Paleolithic. They belonged to less tall men ; 

 the cranium was high and short, and of good Caucasian type, though of 

 medium capacity ; " a fair average human skull," observes Huxley. But 

 one Belgian jaw-bone from the cave of the Naulette, recently found by 

 Dupont, has several marks of inferiority, for example, remarkable 

 thickness and small height ; the molar teeth increasing in size back- 

 ward, the posterior or " wisdom-tooth " being the largest (besides 

 having five roots), while the reverse is the case in civilized man ; 

 the prominence of the chin wanting. Fragments of crania and of 

 some other bones were found with the jaw-bone. 



A skeleton of low grade was found in 1857 in the small Neander- 

 thal Cave, near Diisseldorf, where Lyell thinks it may have been 

 washed in. The mud in which it lay contained no Quaternary re- 

 mains as evidence of its antiquity. Lyell states that the tusk of a 

 Bear, whether ancient or not is unknown, was found in the mud of a 

 branch of the cave, on the same level with the skeleton, and that, at 

 the bottom of the loess of the region, Huxley found bones of the 

 extinct Rhinoceros. Both Huxley and Lyell " think it probable " that 

 it is of the same age with the remains of the Liege caverns found by 

 Schmerling ; and Lyell says that " its position lends no countenance 

 whatever to the supposition of its being more ancient." The forehead 

 is low, and the head long ; the brow-ridges very prominent, a little 

 ape-like ; but the cranial capacity was about seventy-five cubic inches, 

 or " nearly on a level with the mean between the two human ex- 

 tremes " and " in no sense " adds Huxley " can the Neanderthal bones 

 be regarded as the remains of a human being intermediate between 

 Man and the Apes." The bones of the arm and thigh have the 

 ordinary proportions in Man, though very stout. 



