576 CENOZOIC TIME. 



The human crania of the caves of Furfooz in Belgium, of the Rein- 

 deer era, are described as intermediate between the broad and long- 

 types, and as " Mongoloid," approaching those of the Finns and Lap- 

 landers. The height of the men was not over four and a half feet, 

 and thus they were like existing Man of Northern Europe ; and it 

 would seem as if Laplanders had been driven south by the cold, as 

 well as Reindeers. The habits of the people, according to Dupont y 

 were like those of the Esquimaux. 



4. In Denmark and elsewhere occur polished stone implements, 

 with broken pottery, with no remains of either the extinct Quaternary 

 Mammals or the Reindeer, but with bones of existing quadrupeds, and 

 among them those of the domesticated Dog. These belong to the 

 Neolithic era. The Neolithic human remains of Denmark indicate the 

 same small, round-headed race, Laplander-like, that were found in the 

 Reindeer caves of Belgium. 



5. In the same era, or perhaps a little later, in the Neolithic era, 

 existed the oldest of the lake-dwellings of Switzerland (dwellings in 

 lakes, on piles, such as Herodotus described over two thousand years 

 since). They have afforded stone-implements and pottery, with re- 

 mains of Goats, Sheep, the Ox, as well as the Dog, but not the Rein- 

 deer or any extinct species ; also, of Wheat and Barley ; also a human 

 skull, neither very long nor very short, but, according to Rutimeyer, 

 much like those of the modern Swiss. These Neolithic structures 

 occur mainly about the eastern lakes, Constance and Zurich, while 

 those of the " Bronze Age " are found in the western lakes. 



Lake-dwellings or " stockaded islands," called Crannoges, have been 

 found in peat-bogs in the^ British Isles, and especially in Ireland. 

 They belong to the bronze and stone ages, affording remains of various 

 living species of quadrupeds, with stone implements in some of them. 



1. Paleolithic. — The river-border deposits of Amiens and Abbeville, in the valley of 

 the Somme (about seventy-five miles north of Paris), are here referred by Lartet. They 

 contain, in the lower parts of the deposits, flint implements, along with the bones of 

 the old Elephant, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Hyena, Horse, and other species. 



Various deposits in caverns and elsewhere, in Great Britain, may be as old — as those 

 of Bedford, and at Hoxne in Suffolk, Wookey Hole near Wells, the Gower Caves in South 

 Wales, etc., where the occurrence of flint implements proves Man to have been a co- 

 temporary of the Hyena that inhabited the caves. In Kent's Hole, near Torquay, which 

 may be of later occupation, the flint arrowheads, knives, and flakes were found at the 

 bottom of the cave-deposit, as well as above, so that there was no ground for making 

 Man a successor in occupancy to the Bear, Cave Lion, and other wild beasts of the 

 country. Among the bones occurred remains of the Lion, Machwrodus latidens. 



In a cave near Settle, Yorkshire, a human fibula, much like that of the skeleton of 

 Mentone, has been found, along with remains of the extinct Elephant, Bear, Hyena, 

 Khinoceros, and also the Bison and Elk ; and at the mouth of the cave there is a bed 

 of stiff glacial clay, with scratched bowlders. 



The evidence appears to place Man in Britain and Europe at least as early as the 

 Alluvian part of the warm Champlain era, and probably earlier. The jawbone of the. 



