MAN. 577 



Naulette cave in Belgium, described above, pronounced incontestable Paleolithic, oc- 

 curred with remains of the Elephant, Rhinoceros, Horse, Wild Boar, Chamois, Goat, 

 Reindeer, Stag, Marmot, Squirrel, Hare, Water-rat, Wolf, Brown Bear, and others, 

 and with those of the Cave Hyena, the cave having been a Hyena cavern, and many 

 of the other animals its prey, or that of Man. 



2. The Reindeer Era. — The extinct and other Mammals of southern France are men- 

 tioned on page 572. With the exception of the skeleton of Mentone, they have been 

 referred to the Reindeer era. With them occur stone implements, like those of Amiens, 

 only somewhat better fashioned. Among the drawings on bones, of different animals, 

 are those of Horses and one of the Hairy Elephant (p. 573), proving that these species 

 were cotemporaries of the draftsman. In one of the Gower caves in South Wales, 

 called Bosco's Den, no less than one thousand antlers of the Reindeer were taken out, 

 mostly shed horns; and Lyell says they had probably been washed into the cavity. 



In the cave of Cro-Magnon, near Les Eyzies, bones were obtained belonging to three 

 of the Perigord human cave-dwellers. They were of the tall race mentioned above; 

 the cranium of one gave for its capacitj' 97 cubic inches, far above that of average 

 Man. Neither the jaws nor the cheek bones were projecting: the tibia was much flat- 

 tened (platycnemic). 



The skeleton found in 1872, in the cave near Mentone, was associated with remains 

 of the same extinct Mammals, the old Cave Lion, Cave Bear, Cave Hyena, a Rhi- 

 noceros, besides the Wolf, Hedgehog, Aurochs, Elk, Stag, Beer, etc. ; but there were no 

 Reindeer, showing that the remains were either Paleolithic, as held by Lyell, or else 

 they were of the Reindeer era, and the place too warm for this northern species. The 

 height of this extraordinarily tall man is mentioned above. The length of the radius 

 (principal bone of the forearm), compared with the humerus as 100, was 76'9, that of 

 the negro being 79*4, and that of the typical European 73-6. All the above species 

 were found in the bed of stalagmite, six inches thick, above and below the skeleton. 

 The shells buried in the same stalagmite are Cardium tuberculatum Linn., Pecten Jaco- 

 baius Lam., Pecten maximus Lam., Pectunculus glycimeris, Mytilus edulis Linn., all 

 Mediterranean species; and some of them had been perforated by Man. Thus the 

 ancient skeleton has around it the implements, weapons, and ornaments of the man 

 who was once its owner. Eight feet above the skeleton, the stalagmite afforded remains 

 of the Rhinoceros tichorinus, and all of the species above enumerated, excepting the 

 Wolf, Fox, Weasel, Wild Boar, etc., and some other existing kinds. 



Another specimen, found in the Drift at Clichy, was similar to the above in many 

 points, even to the peculiar platycnemic tibia; and the latter feature belongs also to a 

 Gibraltar specimen. 



The earliest observations in Southern France were made in 1828 and 1829 by Tournal 

 and Christol (Lyell). In the department of Aude, Southern France, in 1828, Tournal 

 found, in the Bize Cavern, human bones, associated with remains of species of quadru- 

 peds, including the Reindeer and Aurochs; and Christol, at the same time, observed 

 similar facts in a cave near Nismes, bones of the Hyena and Rhinoceros being present, 

 and also fragments of rude pottery. 



3. Neolithic Era, or Early part of the Recent Period. — The shell-heaps (Kjokken- 

 modding or Kitchenmiddens) of the Danish Isles in the Baltic, some of which are ten 

 feet high, one thousand feet long, and two hundred feet wide, are prominent among the 

 localities of Neolithic man. Other remains of the era occur in the lower part of the 

 Danish peat. Log canoes, found in the peat of the region, are supposed to have been 

 used by the men the refuse of whose sea-food makes the shell heaps. (These heaps are 

 much like those made by American Indians near sea-shores.) The shells of the shell 

 heaps are mostly larger than those of the same species now on the Danish shores. 



The lake-dwellings of Europe are alluded to above. The facts belong rather to 

 archaeology than to geology; and reference may be had to other works for an account of 

 them. 



4. Remains in America. — In North America, the facts brought to light are for the 

 most part less well attested, and more scanty. A fragment of a human cranium was 

 reported in 1857, by C. F. Winslow, as having been taken from the auriferous gravel 



37 



