578 CENOZOIC TIME. 



of Table Mountain, in California, where this gravel underlies an extensive bed of lava 

 (the lava being the table-like top of the mountain.) According to the statement of Col. 

 Hubbs to Mr. Winslow, the fragment was brought up from the auriferous Drift under 

 the lava, a shaft having been sunk into it. Bones of the Mastodon and Elephant were 

 obtained from the upper Drift of the same vicinity. 



Prof. J. D. Whitney has described a skull from a similar position, two miles from 

 Angelos, in Calaveras County, but states that the authenticity is not established by the 

 positive knowledge of any scientific observer, while others have published strong rea- 

 sons for doubt. The skull, according to Prof. Jeffries Wyman, resembles much that 

 of a modern Indian. If substantiated by further discovery, the facts would prove the 

 existence of man there, after the Glacial period, but whether in the earlier or the later 

 Cham plain period, is not clear. The period of eruption of the lava is not ascertained; 

 and the thickness is no evidence that a long time was taken for ejecting it. 



Flint arrow-heads were reported by Dr. Koch as found by him with charcoal and 

 bones of the Mastodon, in the Osage Valley of Missouri; and also in the bottom of the 

 Pomme-de-Terre River, about ten miles above its junction with the Osage ; and charred 

 bones of the Mastodon in Gasconade County, Mo. 



Dr. Jeffries Wyman has described a skull, from a mound m Michigan, the cranial 

 capacity of which was only fifty-six cubic inches, and in which the low ridges marking 

 the upper terminations of the temporal muscles were but half an inch apart at the 

 top of the skull, while they are three and a half to four inches apart in ordinary men, 

 and meet in the Quadrumana. But he adds that two other Indian skulls from the same 

 mound had no such peculiarities, and that this case must therefore be considered ex- 

 ceptional. The oldest skulls found in other mounds confirm this opinion. Dr. Wyman 

 states (in a letter to the author, of November, 1873), respecting the remains from con- 

 solidated shell-heaps in Florida, that they presented no marked deviation from the char- 

 acteristics of the ordinary Indian; that the tibiae were flattened (platycnemic), but that 

 this was a common fact among the American Indians, as well as in the prehistoric 

 remains of Europe. 



In Brazil, human remains were found many years since, by Lund, in caverns, along 

 with extinct Quaternary Mammals; and Clausen has reported the occurrence of pottery 

 in a bed of stalagmite containing these Mammals. 



2. Man at the head of the System of Life. — In the appearance of 

 Man, the system of life, in progress through the ages, reached its 

 completion, and the animal structure its highest perfection. Another 

 higher species is not within the range of our conceptions. For the 

 Vertebrate type, which began during the Paleozoic in the prone or 

 horizontal Fish, became erect in Man, and thus completed, as Agassiz 

 has observed, the possible changes in the series, to its last term. An 

 erect body and an erect forehead admit of no step beyond. 



But, besides this, Man's whole structure declares his intellectual 

 and spiritual nature. His fore-limbs are not organs of locomotion, 

 as they are in all other Mammals ; they have passed from the loco- 

 motive to the cephalic series, being made to subserve the purposes of 

 the head ; and this transfer is in accordance with a grand law in 

 nature, which is at the basis of grade and development. The cephal- 

 ization of the animal has been the goal in all progress ; and in Man 

 we mark its highest possible triumph. 



Man was the first being that was not finished on reaching adult 

 growth, but was provided with powers for indefinite expansion, a will 



