712 



DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY. 



great fissures were made by lateral pressure, in which volcanoes have 

 originated ; but facts seem to show that it is not concerned in ordinary 

 volcanic movements or eruptions. 



The action alone of pressure, in the column of lava, is quiet ; of 

 vapors gradually evolved, quiet ; of vapors suddenly evolved, either 

 directly or through the spheroidal state, violent, and attended with 

 earthquakes. 



Fie. 1114 



Tufa-hills, Nanawale. 



Three eruptions of Kilauea were consequent upon the rise of the lavas to a height of 

 400 or 500 feet in the crater, and were attended with no violence. When ready for 

 eruption, there was active ebullition in most parts of the immense crater, and occasional 

 detonations were heard; but there was no subterranean shaking. 



The eruption in 1840 was without earthquake ; and the first sign of the outbreak was 



Island op Hawaii. — L, Mount Loa ; K, Mount Kea ; H, Mount Hualalai ; P, Kilauea or Lua-Pel6 ; 

 1, Eruption of 1843; 2, of 1852; 3, of 1855; 4, of 1859: a, Waimea; 6, Kawaihae ; c, Wainsnialii; 

 d. Kailua ; e, Kealakekua ; /, Kaulanamauna ; g, Kailiki ; h, Waiohinu ; ■>, Honuapo ; j, Kapoho; 

 k, Nanawale ,• I, Waipio ; m, first appearance of eruption of 1868 ; n, Kahuku. The courses of 

 the currents.1, 2, 3, and 5, are from a map by T. Coan, and 4, from one by A. F. Judd. 



a fire in the woods. The lava broke out through a rent in the sides of the mountain, 

 about six miles from Kilauea, and appeared for a short distance at the surface {A, B, C, 



