APPENDIX. 781 



XXX. Cenozoic Time, continued. — Pages 563-565. Mammalian life of the Qua- 

 ternary, in Europe and Siberia. — 565-567. Id. in North America. — 568-570. Id. in 

 South America. — 570, 571. Id. in Australia. — 571. General character of the life. — 

 Climate. — 572. Evidence from the life as to the Reindeer era. — 573. Ancient relics 

 of Man. — 574. Subdivisions of the " Stone Age." — 574. Occurrence of human relics 

 with those of extinct Quaternary Mammals. —574, 575. Human skeletons. — 576. 

 Neolithic remains. — 578. Man's relations to the system of life. — 579, 580. Extinction 

 of species in modern times. — 582. Modern changes of level of two kinds ; in Sweden. — 

 583. Id. in Greenland, and the Pacific. — 584, 585. Id. at Pozzuoli. — 586. Probable 

 time-ratio for the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. — 586. Geographical progress in 

 the Tertiary. — 586, 587. Great events in the Quaternary. — 587. Agencies intensified 

 in the Quaternary. — 588. Culmination of Mammals. 



XXXI. Geological History. — Page 590. Evidence from Niagara as to the length 

 of Geological time. — 591. Evidence from Coral-reefs. — 593. Fact of progress in 

 the life of the globe. — 593, 594. Relation of progress to changes in climate, etc. — 

 594. The progress systematic. — 595. Examples of a parallelism with the successive 

 phases in embryonic development. — 596. Progress in cephalization. — 597. Compre- 

 hensive types. — 597, 598. The progress involved the culmination and decline of many 

 types. — 598. The earlier species under a type not necessarily the lowest. — 599. Con- 

 tinental peculiarities continued. — Representative species in different regions through 

 migration. — 600. The same may exist independent of migrations. — 600, 601. The 

 geological record imperfect. — 602. Examples of abrupt transitions. — 603. Abrupt 

 transition as regards Man. — 603,604. First conclusion; second; third; fourth. 



XXXII. Dynamical Geology. — Page 605. Subjects treated under Dynamical 

 Geology. — 606. Life: its protective effects. — 607. Its transporting effects. — 607, 

 608. Its destructive effects. — 608, 609. Conditions determining its importance in 

 rock-making. — 609. Limiting influence of climate. — 610. Id. of soil. — Id. of the 

 nature and purity of the water. — 610, 611. Id. of the temperature and depth of the 

 ocean. — 612. Kinds of organic products from plants; shells; corals; bones; diatoms; 

 sponges. — 613. Reasons why aquatic species have contributed most to rocks. — 614. The 

 grade of species best fitted for rock-making. — Methods of fossilization. — 615. The 

 method of rock-making in the case of minute fossils. — Id. in the case of corals and 

 shells. — 616. Formation of peat. — 617. Causes limiting the distribution of coral reefs 

 and islands. — 618. Description of a coral island. — 619. Reef -rock. — 620. Beach-made 

 rock. — 620-622. Formation of the coral structure. — 622. Kinds of coral-reefs. — 623. 

 Extent and thickness. — 624. Origin of the forms of reefs. — 626. Recapitulation. — 

 627. Cohesive Attraction: its identity with the power of crystallization. — Cleavage 

 in minerals and in rocks. — 628. Cause of the concretionary structure ; origin of the 

 columnar forms of trap. — 630. The Atmosphere: its destructive effects through the 

 transportation of sands. — 631. Its method of adding to lands. — 631, 632. Dunes. — 

 Dust-showers. — 634. Effects of changes in atmospheric pressure. 



XXXIII. Water. — Page 635. Source of the water of Rivers, and the conditions 

 on which the amount depends. — 636, 637. Floods and flow. — Pitch of rivers. — 637, 

 638. General effects of erosion. — 638. Progress of erosion in forming valleys. — 639. 

 Distinction of torrent-portion and river-portion. — 643. Pot-holes. — 644. Conditions 

 on which the topographical effects of erosion depend. — 647. Extent of erosion. — 647, 

 648. Materials transported. — 649. Origin of alluvial formations, and their features. 



— 651. Origin of deltas. — 653. The manner in which waters become subterranean. — 

 653, 654. The principles on which Artesian wells are based. — 654. Erosion. — 655. The 

 three kinds of land-slides. — Other effects of land-slides — 656, 657. Moisture con- 

 fined in rocks. — 657. The Ocean: means by which the ocean exerts mechanical force. 



— 658. General system of currents; their universality; rate and position. — 659. In 

 what way their positions might be changed. — Effects of ordinary tidal action. — 660. 

 Translation-character of waves on coasts. — In-flowing currents. — 660,661. Eagre. — 



— C61. Out-flowing currents. — Waves, their force. — 661, 662. Currents caused by 

 winds. — 662. Under-currents id. — Earthquake-waves. 



