782 . APPENDIX. 



XXXIV. Water, concluded. — 663. Erosion by currents. —663, 664. Erosion by 

 waves; its extent; height of line of greatest action above low-tide level. — 665. Amount 

 of transportation by oceanic currents, and the materials transported. — Transportation 

 by waves. — 666. Formations over the bed of the ocean. — 667. Formations on sound- 

 ings and along coasts. — Beach deposits. — 668. Action of tidal and wind currents in 

 determining the forms of accumulations. — 669. Results from the combination with 

 those of the currents of rivers. — 669, 670. The consequent features of the eastern coast 

 of the United States. — Rill-marks. — 671. Oblique lamination. — 672. Ripple-marks; 

 rill-marks. — 672, 673. Erosion during the slow sinking or rising of a continent, or 

 when slightly submerged. — 673. Effects if the surface of a continent were nearly level, 

 there being no mountains. — 674. Effects of water freezing. — Effects from floating 

 ice of rivers and lakes. — 675. Nature of Glaciers. — 677, 678. General characters and 

 movement. — 678, 679. Circumstances influencing their formation. — 679. Law of flow. 



— 680. Rate of flow. — 681, 682. The three principles on which the capability of mo- 

 tion depends. — 682, 683. Cause of the veined or laminated structure of a glacier. — 

 683, 684. Method of transportation, and the materials transported. — 684, 685. Methods 

 and results of erosion. — 680. Origin and effects of Icebergs. 



XXXV. Water as a Chemical Agent. — Sec headings through this chapter, 

 pages 687 to 696, for the Synopsis. 



XXXVI. Heat. — Page 697. Three sources of heat. — From the sun. — 698. From 

 chemical and mechanical action. — -699. From the earth's internal heat. — Proofs of the 

 existence of internal heat. — Rate of increase with the depth. — 700. Evidence, from 

 volcanoes, of internal heat. — 700, 701. Effects from expansion and contraction. — 702. 

 A volcano; lava; cinders; crater. — Ejections; tufa. — 703. General geographical dis- 

 tribution of volcanoes, and where few. — 704. Material of a volcanic mountain; lava- 

 cones. — 706. Tufa-cones. — Cinder-cones. — Mixed-cones. — 707. Lava; scoria. — Liq- 

 uidity of lava. — 708. Vapors or gases. — 708, 709. Effects of vapors. — 709. Move- 

 ments. — 710, 711. Causes of eruptions. — 714. Eruptions mostly through fissures, and 

 results. — 715. Origin of forms of volcanic cones. — 716. Non-volcanic igneous ejec- 

 tions. — 717. Mode of occurrence of beds. — 718. Solfataras. — 719, 720. Hot springs. 



— Cause of action of Geysers. — 721, 722. Sources of igneous eruptions. 



XXXVII. Metamorphism. — 724, 725. Effects. — 725. Changes by loss of water, or 

 other vaporizable ingredient. — 725, 726. Obliteration of fossils, and crystallization. — 

 726. Origin of metamorphic changes; amount of heat required. — 727, 728. Effects 

 from the water present. — 729. Conditions attending metamorphism productive of heat. 



— 730. Diverse effects. — 731. Veins. — Three methods of filling veins. — 732. The 

 method by which veins have most commonly been formed, and evidence of filling by 

 successive supplies of material. — Sources of material, and how carried into open spaces. 



— 733. Alterations of veins. — 734. Faulted veins. 



XXXVIII. The Earth a Cooling Globe: its consequences. — 735. Seat of the 

 organizing agency of contraction. — The resulting force. — 736,737. The earth's in- 

 terior. — 738. Formation of continents and oceanic basins. — 739. Results of contraction. 

 Flexures. — 740, 741. Fractures; faults. — 741,742. Earthquakes. — 742. Earthquake 

 oceanic waves. — 743. Cause of earthquakes. — 744. Evolution of the earth's features; 

 facts to be explained respecting reliefs of continents; concerning position of volcanoes; 

 concerning the forms of the folds in the Appalachians; concerning the relation of 

 ancient and later changes of level. — 745. Concerning the courses of the earth's feature- 

 lines; concerning a belt of volcanic islands. — Effect of pressure against the continental 

 borders. — 745, 746. Relation of effects to extent of the oceans adjoining. — 746. Ex- 

 amples of the comprehensiveness of the action. — 748. Why America was simple in its 

 system of evolution. 



XXXIX. Making of Mountain Chains. — Page 748. First step in mountain-mak- 

 ing. — 749. Effect on the bottom of the geosynclinal; reinforcement of the heat. — The 

 consequence of the weakening below. — The kind of mountain made. — 750. A mountain 

 chain a combination of synelinoria. — 750, 751. Metamorphism and attendant effects. — 

 751. Addition of the synclinorium to the stable part of the continent ; examples. — 751, 



