TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



-H>oJ»io«- 



INTRODUCTION. 



Relations of the Science of Geology 

 Subdivisions of Geology .... 



9 

 13 



PART I. — Physiographic Geology. 



The Earth's General Contour and 



Surface Subdivisions .... 15 

 System in the Reliefs of the Land . 30 

 System in the Courses of the Earth's 

 Feature Lines 35 



4. Oceanic and Atmospheric Move- 



ments and Temperature ... 42 



5. Geographical Distribution of Plants 



and Animals 52 



PART II. — Structural Geology. 



1. Rocks: their Constituents and Kinds 61 



2. Terranes : their Constitution, Char- 



acteristics, Positions, and Ar- 

 rangement 89 



PART III. — Dynamical Geology. 



Agencies and General Subdivisions . 117 



1. Chemical Work 118 



2. Life : its Mechanical Work and 



Rock Contributions 140 



General Remarks on Rock-making 141 

 Protective and Other Beneficial 



Effects 155 



Transporting Effects 156 



Destructive Effects 157 



3. The Atmosphere as a Mechanical 



Agent 158 



4. Water as a Mechanical Agent . . 166 

 Fresh Waters : Rivers and Lakes _, 171 



The Ocean 209 



Freezing and Frozen Water : 



Glaciers, Icebergs 230 



PAGB 



5. Heat 253 



1. Sources of Heat 263 



2. Expansion and Contraction . . 259 



3. Igneous Action and its Results 265 



Volcanoes 267 



Non-volcanic Igneous Eruptions 297 



Thermal Waters, Geysers . . 305 



4. Metamorphism 309 



5. Mineral Veins, Lodes, Local Ore 



Deposits 327 



6. Hypogeic Work : Earth-shaping, 



Mountain-making .... 345 



1. Characteristics of Disturbed 



Regions and Mountains . . 351 



2. Subordinate Effects attending 



Orographic Movements: Ef- 

 fects from Pressure, Earth- 

 quakes 369 



3. Originof theEarth'sForm and 



Features : Orogenic Work, 



Epeirogenic Work . . . 376 



PART IV. — Historical Geology. 



Subdivisions in Geological History . 397 



Review of the System of Life . . . 413 



1. Animal Kingdom 414 



2. Vegetable Kingdom 434 



L ARCHiEAN TIME 440 



1. Subdivisions: Rocks .... 445 



2. Life 453 



II. PALEOZOIC TIME .... 460 



I. Cambrian Era ' . 462 



1. North American .... 464 



1. Lovrer Cambrian Period 470 



2. Middle Cambrian Period 474 



3. Upper Cambrian Period 476 



