240 DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY. 



In the Himalayas, on the Bahio Glacier in the Mustakh Range, there are several large 

 lakes spread over the middle of the glacier for 2 miles, some of them 500 j'ards long and 

 200 to 300 broad. (Godwin-Austen, 1879.) Colonel Tanner (1891) states that the glaciers 

 of the Sat valley come down to the bottom of the valley, and "forests, fields, orchards, 

 and inhabited houses are scattered about near the ice-heaps." 



In South America, the glaciers of Fuegia, first described by Darwin, reach to the sea 

 level. Glaciers occur at intervals northward along the Andes, and even under the equator. 



In North America, the most southern glaciers are some of small size about Mount 

 Lyell (13,217') and Mount Dana (13,227') in the Sierra Nevada ; the length is from half a 

 mile to a mile. (Muir, 1872 ; Le Conte, 1873 ; Russell, in an illustrated paper on the exist- 

 ing United States glaciers, 1885.) There is a small glacier also on Mount Shasta, Cal. 

 (14,511', King, 1870), and others on Mount Jefferson (15,500') and Mount Hood (11,225') 

 in Oi'egon ; and one of greater size about Mount Tacoma, 14,444' high, in Washington. 



Farther north, on the same coast, glaciers are numerous. On the delta of the Stikine 

 River, near latitude 57°, as first described by W. P. Blake (1868), are four glaciers, and 

 one of these terminates in a bluff of ice nearly 2 miles long and 150' high. Farther 

 north are the Auk and Patterson glaciers, about latitude 58°, the Davidson Glacier, in 59° 

 45', and many others. Those about St. Ellas are the largest glaciers in the northern hem- 

 isphere outside of Greenland and the Prince William Sound Alps. 



North of Bering Strait at Kotzebue Sound, lat. 66° 15', the ice-cliffs are the edges of 

 great sheets of ice, which extend far inland and have 2 or 3 feet of soil above, over 

 which there is a luxuriant growth of vegetation. There are no mountains in the vicinity. 

 (Kotzebue, 1818 ; Dall, 1880.) 



Along the Rocky Mountains, small glaciers exist in the Wind River Mountains, at the 

 head of the Flathead River in Montana, and north of the Canadian Pacific Railroad in the 

 Selkirk Range, near the cut through the mountains. Near 54° N. is the northern glacier 

 limit in these mountains. 



Greenland, about 700,000 square miles in probable area, has at least five 

 sixths of its surface continuously covered with ice (Peary). The only part 

 bare is a strip along the coast 30 to 60 miles wide on the west, and of less 

 width on the east and north. Its annual precipitation is only 7 to 10 

 inches. 



In the accompanying map of a part of western (Danish) Greenland, by 

 Lieutenant Jensen (Fig. 212), the shaded part, to the left, is the sea (Davis 

 Strait), which extends up into many of the fiords; the white part is the coast 

 fringe, 30 miles or so wide, of bare land with its deep fiords ; the black is 

 a portion of the interminable ice-cap of interior Greenland ; and the white 

 spots in this part show where rocky peaks, called Nunatdks in Greenland, 

 project like islands through the icy surface, those at J N to a height over 

 5000 feet above the sea, and 100 to 500 feet above the ice around. On these 

 Nunataks are growing and flowering plants of the genera Ranunculus, Poten- 

 tilla, Silene, Saxifraga, Papaver, Luzula, Oxyria, Trisetimi, and others. The 

 surface rises inland to 5000 to 10,000 feet, and the ice pushes shoreward. As 

 it descends along the coast, valleys, or fiords, it takes the form of ordinary local 

 glaciers, and such projecting portions are the so-called Greenland glaciers. 



The larger glacier on the map, 10 to 12 miles wide, is the Prederikshaab 

 Glacier ; the arrows show the directions of movement in the ice. Another 

 glacier occupies the head of the Bjorne Sund, or fiord. North of latitude 79° 



