296 DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY. 



group, of the north Pacific ; in the west central part of the south Pacific, at Tanna and 

 Ambrym of the New Hebrides, Tofua, Lette and Aniargura of the Friendly Islands, and 

 Tinacoro in the Santa Cruz group ; and in the western north Pacific, among the Ladrones. 



2. Borders of the Pacific. — Volcanoes range from Fuegia northward at intervals 

 along the line of the Andes ; 32 of them in Chile, — that of Aconcagua, 23,000' high ; 7 or 

 8 in Bolivia and southern Peru, — Arequipa, 18,877' ; 19 or 20 about Quito, nearly all 

 over 14,000' ; and among them Chimborazo, 20,498' ; Antisana, 18,880' ; Cotopaxi, 

 19,660 (by barometer. Dr. Reiss, 19,613' Whymper) ; Pichincha, which has a crater 2500' 

 deep and 1500' wide at bottom. Farther north, in Central America, there are 39, about 

 west- southwest in course, and beyond is another line of 7 large cones in Mexico. 



In California, from Lassens Peak in the northern extremity of the Sierra Nevada, or 

 rather the southern of the Cascade Range, a grand north and north-northWest line begins, 

 containing cones 10,000' to 15,000' in height, consisting, as described in 1833 by Hague 

 and Iddings, of andesyte, dacyte, and basalt lavas, but chiefly of the former. Lassens Peak 

 consists mostly of dacyte (quartz-andesyte), but with some quartz-basalt, as described by 

 Diller, and is 10,437' high. Mount Shasta, in northern California, has a height of 14,350' ; 

 in the view from the westward, there are two summits, the southern the principal one. 

 In Oregon, 75 miles north of Shasta, stands Mount Pitt, a cone 9718' high ; 150 miles 

 beyond. Mount Jefferson ; approaching the Columbia River, Mount Hood, 11,225' ; and 

 north of the river. Mount St. Helens, about 12,000', Mount Adams, 9570', Mount Tacoma 

 (or Rainier), 14,444', and Mount Baker, 10,755', in Washington. Of these. Mount Baker 

 was in action in 1843. At the eastern foot of the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Mono, are 

 cones, and others occur on the plateau region of Oregon, Washington, and beyond. 



The summit of the Rocky Mountains has also its volcanic peaks, and among them, 

 in the Yellowstone Park, there is the extinct volcano, Mount Washburn, to the north, 

 9000' high, and Mount Sheridan, to the south, 10,200'. The rocks and volcanoes of the 

 Park have been described by Hague and Iddings. The Spanish Peaks in southeastern 

 Colorado, according to R. C. Hills, are laccolithic cones, instead of volcanic. 



Between North America and Asia there is a festoon of 21 islands with volcanoes, 

 in the Aleutian Islands. Along the Asiatic coast to the East India Islands, there are 15 

 to 20 in Kamchatka ; 13 in the Kuriles ; 25 to 30 in the Japan group ; 15 to 20 in the 

 Philippines ; several along the north coast of New Guinea ; and a number in New Zealand. 

 Far south, on Antarctic lands, in 77° 46' S., 176° 45' E., Mount Erebus, 12,400' high, which, 

 in 1842, when discovered by Captain Ross, sent up dense, lighted vapors and cinders in 

 successive jets, 200' to 300' in diameter, to a height above the crater of 1500' to 2000'; and, 

 standing near it, the extinct Mount Terror, 10,900' high. South of Cape Horn there are the 

 volcanoes of Deception Island, with its hot lake, and Bridgeman's, near 62J-° S., in the 

 South Shetlands. 



3. In the Indian Ocean. — A few volcanoes exist in Madagascar ; also others, on the 

 Isle of Bourbon, Mauritius, and the Comoro Islands, and, to the south, on Kerguelen 

 Land, etc. 



4. On the western harder of the Indian Ocean. — The lofty peak, Kilima-Njaro, 

 18,500', near 3° S., and Zlf E. is volcanic; also Ruwenzori, 12,000' to 13,000', in 3° 

 NJ, and 30i° E. ; and Mount Gordon-Bennett, just south, 16,000'. 



5. Over the seas that divide the northern and southern continents from one another., 

 and the regions in their vicinity. — Volcanoes occur in (a) the West Indies, where 10 

 islands are volcanic ; (5) the Mediterranean and on its borders, as in Sicily and the islands 

 north, Vesuvius, and other parts of Italy ; Sixain, Germany, etc., in Europe ; the Grecian 

 Archipelago, which contains 5 volcanic islands, — Santorin, Milo, Cimolos, Polenos, and 

 Minyros ; in Asia Minor, where are the Catacecaumene and other volcanic regions ; and, 

 more to the eastward, toward the Caspian, Mount Ararat, 16,950' high ; Little Ararat, 

 12,800' ; Demavend, on the south shore of the Caspian, 21,776' ; (c) the Red Sea, along 

 its southern borders, where there are a number of lofty volcanic summits ; (d) the East 



