662 



HISTORICAL GEOLOGY, 



alhertite, looking like bitumen or asphalt, but not readily fusing like it in a 

 candle. It occupies rents in the rock, instead of constituting layers. A 

 similar substance, called grahamite, occurs under similar conditions in the 

 Coal-measures of West Virginia, 20 miles south of Parkersburg. It is partly 

 columnar in fracture at right angles to the Avails of the vein. Both are sup- 

 posed to have been made from the oxidation of mineral oil. 



Carbon 



1. Anthracite, Pennsylvania 90-45 



2. Anthracite, Pennsylvania 92-59 



3. Anthracite, South Wales 92-56 



4. Caking Coal, Kentucky 74-45 



5. Caking Coal, Nelsonville, Ohio.; 73-80 



6. Caking Coal, South Wales 82-56 



7. Caking Coal, Northumberland. . 78-69 



8. Non-caking. Kentucky 77-89 



9. Non-caking, "Block Coal," Ind. 82-70 



10. Non-caking, Brier Hill, Ohio.... 78-94 



11. Non-caking, S. Staffordshire 76-40 



12. Non-caking, Scotland 76-08 



13. Cannel Coal, Breckenridge 68-13 



14. Cannel Coal, Wigan 80-07 



15. Cannel Coal, " Torbanite " 64-02 



16. Bituminous Coal, Wyoming 73-55 



17. Bituminous Coal, Wyoming 75-20 



18. Albertite, Nova Scotia 86-04 



19. Brown Coal, Bovey 66-31 



20. Brown Coal, Wittenberg 64-07 



21. Peat, light brown (imperfect). . . 50-86 



22. Peat, dark brown 59-47 



23. Peat, black 59-70 



24. Peat, black 69-71 



Hydr. 



Ox. 



Nitr. 



Sulph. 



Ash 



Analysts 



2-43 



2-45 



— 



— 



4-67, 



Eegnault. 



2-63 



1-61 



0-92 



— 



2-25, 



Percy. 



3-33 



2-53 



— 



— 



1-58, 



Eegnault. 



4-93 



13-08 



1-03 



0-91 



5-00, 



Peters. 



5-79 



16-58 



1-52 



0-41 



1-90, 



Wormley. 



5-36 



8-22 



1-65 



0-75 



1-46, 



Noad. 



6-00 



10-07 



2-37 



1-51 



1-36, 



Tookey. 



5-42 



12-57 



1-82 



3-00 



2-00, 



Peters. 



4-77 



9-39 



1-62 



0-45 



1-07, 



Cox. 



5-92 



11-50 



1-58 



0-56 



1-45, 



Wormley. 



4-62 



17-43 



— 



0-55 



1-55, 



Dick. 



5-31 



13-33 



2-09 



1-23 



1-96, 



Rowney. 



6-49 



5-83 



2-27 



2-48 



12-30, 



Peters. 



5-53 



8-10 



2-12 



1-50 



2-70, 



Vaux. 



8-90 



5-66 



0-55 



0-50 



20-32, 



Anderson. 



4-17 



17-20 



10-37 



1-97 



1-93 

 1-37 

 2-93 



1-18 

 1-11 

 trace 



1-86, 

 7-20, 

 0-10, 





4-74 





8-96 



Wetherell. 



5-63 



22-86 



0-57 



2-36 



2-27, 



Vaux. 



5-03 



27-55 



— 



— 



3-35, 



Baer. 



5-80 



42-57 



0-77 



— 



— 



Websky. 



6-52 



31-51 



2-51 



— 



— 



Websky. 



5-70 



33H)4 



1-56 



— 



— 



Websky. 



5-27 



32-07 



2-59 



— 



— 



Websky. 



No. 13, the Breckenridge cannel, of Hancock County, Ky., consists, when the ash is 

 excluded, of carbon 82-36, hydrogen 7-84, oxygen 7-05, nitrogen 2-75 ; and the Bog-head 

 cannel of Scotland, called also torbanite, contains carbon 80-39, hydrogen 11-19, oxygen 

 7-11, nitrogen and sulphur 1-31. 



The "Mineral charcoal " differs little in composition from ordinary bituminous coal ; 

 there is less hydrogen and oxygen. Eowney obtained, for that of Glasgow and Pifeshire, 

 carbon 82-97, 74-71, hydrogen 3-34, 2-74, oxygen 7-59, 7-67, ash 6-08, 14-86. The 

 nitrogen is included with the oxygen ; it amounted to 0-75 per cent in the Glasgow charcoal. 

 Exclusive of the ash, the composition is, carbon 88-36, 87-78, hydrogen 3-56, 3-21, oxygen 

 and nitrogen 7-28, 9-01. 



The oxygen in a coal, which, as the table shows, varies from about 10 pounds to 15 in 

 a hundred in the ordinary bituminous coals, is so much waste material as far as the 

 heating purposes of the coal are concerned, because the atmosphere is at hand to supply 

 all that combustion requires. The moisture also causes loss of heat, because of the 

 amount required to evaporate and expel it. 



The following are other analyses of anthracite and bituminous coal ; they are a few 

 from the many by McCreath, of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey. The amount of 

 volatile hydrocarbons is given in the second column. 



