674 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 



is the nut of another species. 'Figs. 1063 to 1065 represent species of Car- 

 diocarpus ; they resemble the fruit of the anomalous Gymnosperms of 

 Africa, Welwitschia (page 435). The peculiar but beautiful fan-shaped 

 leaves, named Wliittleseya elegans by Newberry, are of unascertained relations. 

 Figs. 1066, 1067 are supposed to be fruit of Gymnosperms, in different stages 

 of development ; and Fig. 1068, fruit of doubtful species. 



Figs. 1066, 1067 have the forms of half developed flowers or leaf-buds, 

 and were called AnthoUthes by Newberry. They are referred to the Conifers 

 by Grand' Eury. Lesquereux regards Botryoconus priscus (Fig. 1067) as a 

 more advanced stage of B. Pitcairnice. Fig. 1068, AnthoUthes of Newberry,, 

 is the fruit or flower of a Corclaites, according to Lesquereux. 



Animals. — The animal life of the Carboniferous period included, besides 

 marine Invertebrates, terrestrial Mollusks, and a large variety of terrestrial 

 Articulates, as Insects, Spiders, Myriapods ; and, among Vertebrates, besides 

 Fishes and Amphibians, a higher range of life, in true Reptiles. No evidence 

 has been obtained of the existence then of Birds or Mammals. 



1. Rhizopods. — Shells of Rhizopods, of the shape and size of a kernel of 



"wheat, belonging to the genus Fusidina, Figs. 1069, a, are common in some 



of the shales and limestones of the Mississippi valley and beyond^ 



in Illinois, Kansas, Utah, New Mexico, California, and elsewhere. 



In British Columbia, on Fraser's River, at Marble Canon, the 

 Fusidinm, of a thick limestone, are associated with a very abun- 

 dant arenaceous Rhizopod, -^-^ of an inch long, shaped like an 

 elongated shot, which has been referred to the genus Loftusia, 

 Fusuiina cy- ^^^^ named L. Columhiana. In Europe the Fusulinae are found 

 iindrica;a, in Subcavhoniferous beds as well as in the Carboniferous and 



end view. -^ -r. 



Lower Fermian. 



2. Actinozoans and Echinoderms. — Corals, seldom abundant, are of the 

 genera Lophophyllum, Zaphrentis, Lithostrotion, and others. Lophophyllum 

 jjroliferum McChesney occurs in roof shales over coal at Springfield, 111. 

 Crinoids are few compared with those of the Subcarboniferous ; Illinois has 

 afforded about a dozen species ; and Missouri others. In Nevada, Arizona, 

 New Mexico, Nebraska, etc., have been found a few Echinoids of the genus 

 Archceocidaris. 



3. Molluscoids and Mollusks. — The Brachiopods are similar in genera to 

 those of the Subcarboniferous, though partly of new species ; and the same 

 is true in the main of the marine Gastropods, Lamellibranchs, and Cephalo- 

 pods. Some of the characteristic species are here figured : a characteristic 

 Productus in Fig. 1070, a Chonetes in 1071, and Gastropods in 1076 to 1080. 



But besides marine Gastropods, the Coal-measures have afforded the 

 first known of terrestrial shells. One of the small land-snails, or Pulmonates, 

 is represented, a little enlarged, in Fig. 1081, — a species found in the Nova 

 Scotia Coal-measures, and described by Dawson ; and Figs. 1082, 1083, from 

 F. H. Bradley, show the forms of two others from Illinois. 



