PALEOZOIC TIME — CARBONIC. 693 



Candolleana, P. pteroides, P. dentata, P. notata, P. oreopteridea, P. Miltoni, P. Plucke- 

 neti, Goniopteris emarginata, G. elecjans {?), G. arguta{?), Bhacophyllum lactuca, Sig- 

 illaria Brardii. Of these species, all but Sphenopliyllum filiculme, Neuropteris hirsuta 

 and Pecopteris notata are also European Permian species. The genera Baiera and Callip- 

 teridium commence in the Permian. Out of 107 species of plants in the Upper Barren 

 Measures of West Virginia, 28 are European Permian species. 



The Red-beds of South Park, near Fairplay, Col., have afforded Permian species of 

 WalcMa, Callipteris, Odontopteris, iSphenopteris, Ullmannia, etc. (Lesquereux, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., vii.. No. 8). 



On Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas and Illinois, Cope, Amer. Phil. Soc. for 1877 

 and several later years, and also Proc. Acad. N. S., Philadelphia, Amer. Naturalist Bull., 

 vi., Hayden Surv., 1881, and pubKcations of Texas Geological Survey. 



FOREIGN. 



1. SUBCARBONIFEROUS AND CARBONIFEROUS PERIODS. 

 ROCKS — KINDS AND DISTRIBUTION. 



The rocks of the Subcarboniferous and Carboniferous periods cover a very 

 large area in the western half of Russia, or the Continental Interior of 

 Europe, much of the area of Great Britain and Ireland, a moderately large 

 area on the borders of Belgium, France, and Prussia, and small areas in 

 Spain, Italy, Austria, and some other parts of Europe. The beds of the 

 Carboniferous period — the period of the Coal-measures — have their greatest 

 thickness and largest amount of coal in the British Isles, and but little 

 thickness and little coal in Russia. There are workable coal-beds of this era, 

 if the Permian be included, also in China, India, and Australia, but none, so 

 so far as known, in South America, Africa, or Asiatic Russia. 



The proportion of coal-beds to area in different parts of Europe has been 

 stated as follows : in France, yfo ^^ ^^^® surface ; in Spain, -J-^ ; in Belgium, 

 JL; in Great Britain, ^. But, while the area of the Coal-measures in Great 

 Britain is about 12,000 square miles, it is in Spain, 4000; in France, about 

 2000 ; in Belgium, 518. 



The distribution of the areas in England is shown on the accompanying map. 

 The cross-lined black areas are Subcarboniferous, and the black those of the 

 Coal-measures. The principal regions of the latter are (1) the South Wales, 

 1000 square miles in area ; and, in nearly the same latitude, the Forest of Dean, 

 west of the Severn, and the region about Bristol, east of the Severn, together 

 184 square miles ; (2) the small patches in central England, in Shropshire 

 (Coalbrook Dale), Warwickshire, Leicestershire, and Staffordshire, 240 

 square miles ; (3) north of these, on the west, the great South Lancashire 

 region, just east of Liverpool, with the basin of Flintshire on the Dee, the 

 whole together, 220 square miles ; (4) , to the eastward of the last, the large 

 Derbyshire coal region, between Nottingham and Leeds, and adjoining 

 Sheffield, 800 square miles ; (5) farther north on the west coast, in Cumber- 

 land, about Whitehaven, 25 square miles ; (6) on the east coast, the great 



