PALEOZOIC TIME — CARBONIC. 699 



Wianamatta shale, with Palceoniscus antipodelis'Eg., but without Olossopteris and other 

 lower species ; the beds are probably Triassic and Jurassic. Jurassic Ganoids of the 

 genera Coccolepis, Leptolepis, and others, have been reported by A. Smith Woodward 

 (1890), from specimens discovered by C. S. Wilkinson and E. Etheridge, Jr. Both the 

 Glossopteris and Lepidodendron floras occur in Victoria, and the former in Queensland. 



South Africa has a coast border of gneiss and other schists, and inside of it a belt of 

 Paleozoic rocks with Carboniferous at top (in Table Mountain, etc.). The great interior 

 region thus bordered is occupied by the " Karoo formation" from Table Mountain north- 

 ward over Orange Free State and Basutoland, reaching the coast only to the southeast 

 in Caffraria. It includes (1) the Ecca beds (with the Dwyka bowlder bed [glacial ?] in 

 the lower part) , which contain Glossopteris, etc. , and are regarded as Permian, or of the 

 age of the Talchir and Damiida beds of India ; (2) the Middle Karoo, or Beaufort beds, 

 Permian or Triassic ; and (3) the Upper Karoo or Stormberg beds, supposed to be Tri- 

 assic. For a colored geological map by A. Schenk, see Peterm. Mittheil., 1888. 



LIFE OF THE SUBCARBONIFEROUS AND CARBONIFEROUS PERIODS. 



Plants. — The same genera of plants, with few exceptions, are repre- 

 sented among the European coal-beds as occur in America ; and about a thii'd 

 of the American species are found also in Europe. In this respect the 

 vegetable and animal kingdoms are in strong contrast ; for the species of 

 animals common to the two continents have always been few. 



The number of species in the European flora of the Carboniferous (the British 

 included) is stated to be nearly 1400, while North America, so far as described, including 

 the Carboniferous and Subcarboniferous periods, has afforded, as enumerated by Les- 

 quereux in the concluding part of his Pennsylvania Keport of 1884, excluding fraits, about 

 625 species, and including fruits, nearly 800. Over 200 species of the 625 exist also in 

 Europe. The number of species of the several genera common to the two continents is 

 given by Lesquereux as follows : — 



Calamites, 11 ; Aster ophyllites, 6 ; Annularia, 6 ; SphenopJiyllum, 8 ; Macrostachya, 1 ; 

 Neuropteris, 17 ; Odontopteris, 5 ; Dictyopteris, 3 ; Gallipteridium, 3 ; Alethopteris, 6 ; 

 Pseudopecopteris, 16; Pecopteris, 29; OUgocarpia, 1(0. Guthieri) ; Sphenopteris, 20; 

 Eremopteris, 2 ; Ehacophyllum, 7 ; Stemmatopteris, 1 ; Caulopteris, 1 ; Megaphyton, 1 ; 

 Lepidodendron, 14 ; Ulod^endron, 4 ; KuQrria, 3 ; Halonia, 3 ; Cyclostigma, 1 ; Lepido- 

 phloios, 3 ; Lepidophyllum, 1 ; Sigillaria, 25 ; Syringodendron, 3 ; Stigmaria, I ; 

 Cordaites, 1. 



The flora of the Subcarboniferous of Europe includes species of Archceopteris, 

 Sphenopteris, Lepidodendron (as L. Veltheimanum, L. squamosum); Knorria (K. imbri- 

 cata, K. aciciilaris) ; Bornia transitionis. Aster ophyllites elegans, Stigmaria ficoides. The 

 flora of the Middle and Lower coal is much like the American. The Upper coal contains 

 Sigillarise, but rarely a Lepidodendron ; species of Calamites, Calamodendron, and Annu- 

 laria are common, the Annularia becoming rare above ; species also of Pecopteris, Callip- 

 teris, Neuropteris, and Odontopteris, are common, but not of Sphenopteris. Cordaites 

 also is common. With these occur species of true Cycads, and of Walchia ( W. piniformis), 

 a Conifer. 



Among the Diatoms observed by Castracani in the coal of England, the following 8 

 species are now living: Fragillaria Harrisoni Sm., Epithemia gibba Ehr., Sphenella 

 glacialis Ktz. , Gomphonema capitatum Ehr. , Nitschea curvula Ktz., Cymiella Scotica Tm,, 

 Sy nedra vitrea Ktz., Diatoma vulgareJioTy. 



