702 



HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 



niart, represented in Fig. 1140, only i the natural size, (which has, as 

 Brongniart states, the wings of a Neuropter with many characteristics of 

 an Orthopter,) Dictyoneura anthracophila, Fig. 1138; D. Monyi, having wings 

 a foot long, Archoioptilus ingens Scudder, of the British Coal-measures, having 

 a spread of wing of about 14 inches ; also forerunners of the " Dragon-flies," 

 one of them having a spread of wing much exceeding two feet. Among the 



1140. 



Orthoptee. — Titanophasma Fayoli (x J), with the outline in part of the rock. Brong'niart. 



ITeurnpteroids, the Litliomantis carbonaria of Scotland was probably nearly 

 six inches in spread of wing. Moreover, Beetles, or Coleopteroids, have 

 been reported from the Coal-measures of Silesia, and Hemipters from several 

 localities. There were also the inferior wingless species, the Thysanura 

 (common existing genera of which are Lepisma or Silver-moth, and Podura) . 

 The gigantic TitanopJiasma Fayoli, Dictyoneura Monyi, and the fore- 

 runner of the Dragon-flies, as well as the small Thysamcrce, were from the 

 Coal-measures of Commentry, in central France, a locality that has afforded 

 C. Brongniart for description a wonderful variety and number of species. 



Remains of Subcarboniferous Fishes are common in Europe and Britain ; 

 the British Islands alone have afforded 150 species. Among them are Coch- 



liodus contortus Ag., Fig. 1141 ; Cladodus marginatus Ag. ; 

 Ctenacantlius major, Fig. 1142, one broken specimen of 

 which is 14i- inches long. Another broken spine, de- 

 scribed by Agassiz, Oracanthus Milleri, is 9^ inches long 

 and 3 inches wide at base. 



Fig. 1143 represents a restoration of the Pleuracan- 

 thus (= Diplodus Ag.) Gaudryi of Brongniart, from the 

 Carboniferous rocks of France — a Shark having a terminal mouth. 



The Fishes of the Coal-measures include Selachians also of the genera 

 Ctenodus, CtenoptycMus, Helodus, Cladodus, Orodus, etc., which are also 

 mostly Subcarboniferous. The most common Coal-measure genera of Ganoids 

 are PalcBoniscus, Amblypterus, Holoptychius, and Megalichthys. 



1141. 



Cochhodus contortus (x|). 



