704 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY 



6. Insects. — JDictyoneura anthracopMla Goldb., from Saarbriick ; D. Humboldtiana 

 Goldb., ib. ; Polioptenus elegans Goldb., ib. ; Etohlattina primceva Goldb., ib. ; Gryllacris 

 lithanthraca Goldb. (Locust), ib. ; Corydalis Brongniarti Mant., Coalbrook Dale. 



7. Amphibians. — The Amphibians included Apateon pedestris H. v. Meyer, Miinster- 

 appel ; Urocordylus Wandesfordii Hux., Kilkenny, the tail with 75 vertebriB ; Ophiderpeton 

 Brownriggii Hux., Kilkenny, limbless, snake-like and S*" long ; Dolichosoma longissimum 

 Fritsch, from Ireland, probably about 3' long and much like the whip-snake; species of 

 Dendrophis^ and of other genera. 



The following foreign Coal-measure Brachiopods occur also in the American beds : 

 Athyris subtilita, Spirifer lineatus Martin, Productus longispinus Sow., P. latissimus 

 Sow., P. punctatus Martin, P. scabriculus Martin, P. costatus Sow., Orthothetes 

 {Streptorhynchus) umbraculus v. Buch, Devonian to Permian. 



The Arctic Spitzbergen Coal-measure plants include species of Lepidodendron, Stig- 

 maria, Sphenophyllum, AsterophylUtes, Sphenopteris, Cordaites ; and the Subcarboniferous 

 of Bear Island (30 m. south), the European species Calamites radiatns, Lepidodendron 

 Veltheimanum, Knorria imbricata, K. acicularis, Cyclostigma Kiltorkense, Palceopteris 

 (Archoeopteris) Boemeriana, Sphenopteris 8chimperi, Cardiopteris frondosa., C. polymor- 

 pha, etc., made a basis by Heer for his Ursa stage, but supposed by Dawson to include 

 some Devonian species. The beds of Spitzbergen contain the Permian species, Productus 

 horridus, specimens twice the size of those of the European Permian, P. Cancrini Vern., 

 P. Leplayi yern., Camarophoria Humbletonensis Howse, Strophalosia lamellosa Gein. ; 

 Carboniferous species of Euomphalus, Cyathophyllum, Syringopora, Ghetetes ; and the 

 Subcarboniferous includes a Cyathophyllum limestone in which there are 4 species of 

 Corals, .2 of Crinoids, and Spirifer incrassatus, Terebratula fusiformis, and other Eussian 

 Brachiopods. 



LIFE OF THE PERMIAN PERIOD. 



Plants. — The Permian plants include no Lepidodendrids, a few Sigilla- 

 rids ; Ferns of the genera Neuropteris, SphenoiUeris, Pecopteris, Alethopteris, 

 Tceniopteris, Sagenopteris, Glossopteris, and others ; also Calamites, Annularia, 

 AsterophylUtes ; Cycads and Conifers. The Conifers included species of 

 Dadoxylon, Pinites, Ullmannia, etc. The genus WalcJiia, Fig. 1147, Walchia 

 piniformis Sternberg, characterized by lax and short spreading leaves, began 

 near the close of the Carboniferous period, but is most numerous in species 

 during the Permian. Tree-ferns of the genus Psaronius were common, as in 

 the Upper Coal-measures. 



Fig. 1144 is the pinnule or branchlet of a frond of Neuropteris Loschii, a 

 species common to the Permian and Coal-measures ; 1145, showing the vena- 

 tion. Fig. 1146, Annularia carinata Sternberg ; in 1146, only the first joint 

 and its whorl are shown, of natural size ; in 1146 a, a branch is shown (of 

 reduced size), consisting of its several joints and whorls, but the natural 

 termination is wanting. The figures are from the work of Geinitz and 

 Gutbier on the " Dyas " of Saxony. 



The American Permian species that are common to the Permian formation of Europe, 

 according to Fontaine and White, Pennsylvania Report (1880), are, for the several genera, 

 as follows : Equisetites rugosus, Calamites Suckovi, Sphenophyllum longifolium, Annularia 

 carinata, A. longifolia, A. sphenophylloides, A. radiata, A. minuta, Neuropteris flexuosa, 

 N". auriculata, iV. cordata, Odontopteris obtusiloba, Callipteris conferta ; Pecopteris ar- 



