PALEOZOIC TIME — CAEBONIC. 707 



represent the most generalized type of Reptiles, the five tarsal bones of the 

 Palaeohatteria (1 to 5) with which the five metatarsals (i, ii, iii, iv, v) 

 were articulated are shown in Fig. 1151, in which T, Fi are parts of the tibia 

 and fibula. 



Other Eeptiles are the Anomodonts and Theromores. The former have 

 large tusks in the jaws, and no other teeth; they include the genus Dicynodon 

 of Owen, which has species in the Permian Beaufort beds of South Africa, 

 and also in the overlying Triassic beds. 



1. Echinodenns. — Crinoids near Cyathocrinus ; Echinoderms of the genus Archceo- 

 cidaris. 



2. MoUuscoids. Brachiopods. — Spirifer alatns Schloth. , England, Lower Zechstein in 

 Saxony — some specimens 2^ inches broad ; Spiriferina cristata Dav., Zechstein, Germany; 

 Productus horridus Sow., England, Germany, characteristic particularly of the Lower 

 Zechstein, and occuring also in the Kupferschiefer ; Strophalosia excavata Gein., England, 

 Germany, S. Goldfussi, ibid.; the species of the genera Productus and Strophalosia are 

 exceedingly abundant in individuals ; Camarophoria Schlotheimi von Buch, Russia, 

 Germany, England ; C. superstes, Russia. 



3. MoUusks. (a) Lamellibranchs. — Pseudomonotis speluncaria Beyr., England, Rus- 

 sia, Germany, in the Lower Zechstein ; Clidophorus Pallasi Gein., Russia, Germany ; My- 

 alina squamosa Sedg., Russia, England ; Avicula Kazanensis Vern., Russia ; Bakewellia 

 antiqua King, England, Russia, Germany ; ScMzodus ditbius M., common in England, 

 Germany, Russia; ;S'. Schlotheimi Gein., S. ohscurus Sow., and 8. truncatus King. The 

 genus Schizodus is of the same family with Trigonia, a characteristic genus in the Rep- 

 tilian age ; it commenced in the Devonian and ends with the Permian. 



(&) Gastropods are rare fossils in the Permian. There are a few species of Murchi- 

 sonia, Pleurotomaria, and StraparoUus, Paleozoic genera, and of Dentalium, Natica, 

 Turho, etc. 



(c) Pteropods occur of the genera Theca and Conularia. 



(d) Cephalopods existed, and among them two or three species of Orthoceras and 

 Nautilus. 



4. Crustaceans. — No rn7o6iies are known. Os^?'acoi(?s are common. Under Tetra- 

 decapods, the Amphipod, Prosoponiscus problematicus Schloth., Durham, England. Under 

 Decapods, besides Ilacrurans, there is reported a Crab or Brachyuran, from the Permian, 

 by von Scbauroth, who named it Hemitrochiscus paradoxus. It is | of an inch long. 

 Whether a true Crab or not is doubtful. 



5. Vertebrates. Fishes. — Palceoniscus Freieslebeni Agassiz is common in the Kup- 

 ferschiefer, and is found also in the Coal-measures in England, at Ardwick. Other species 

 are : Palceoniscus elegans Sedgw., P. comptus Ag., Platysomus macrurus Ag., PI. gibbosus 

 Bl., Acrolepis Sedgwickii Ag., Pygopterus mandibidaris Ag., Ccelacanthus gramdatus Ag., 

 etc. Janassa bituminosa Miinst. and Wodnika striatula Miinst. are species of Cestraciont 

 sharks from the Kupferschiefer. 



The Paleozoic character of the life of the Permian, as already shown, is strongly 

 marked. Geinitz observes, further, that the Terebratula {Dielasma) elongata Schloth. of 

 the Zechstein approaches a Devonian form ; Camarophoria Schlotheimi Kg. (Zechstein) is 

 near the Carboniferous C. crumena Mart. ; Spirifer Clannyanus Dav. (Zechstein), near 

 the Carboniferous S. Urii ; Spiriferina cristata, near the Carboniferous S. octoplicata. The 

 genus Schizodus ends with the Permian, as well as Orthis, Camarophoria, Productus, and 

 Strophalosia. 



