770 



HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 



the Salt Range of the Punjab; in northern Kashmir, and along the mountain region as 

 far as Spiti in western Tibet, resting on Carboniferous rocks, where the succession of 

 beds from tlie Lower to the Upper is closely like that of the Alps. They are concealed by 

 Cretaceous if they exist in Sind. In South Africa, the Karoo beds include, above the Ecca 

 beds (which are referred to the Permian, and are equivalents of the Lower Gondwana of 

 India) : (1) the Kimberley shale ; (2) the Beaufort beds ; and (3) the Stormberg beds or 

 Upper Karoo ; and the last have afforded Falceoniscus Bainei, P. sculptus, Ceratodiis 

 Capensis, etc. None of the fossils are marine. 



In Australia, in New South Wales, the widespread Hawkesbury sandstone, mostly 

 unfossiliferous, is probably Jurassic or Jura-Trias. In New Zealand, Dr. Hector has 

 described as Triassic an Oreti series, including great bowlder deposits, in northern and 

 southern New Zealand, containing stones up to 5' in diameter ; and the overlying Wairoa 

 series, in which are some Upper Triassic fossils. 



For further details as to subdivisions, see page 773. 



LIFE OF THE FOREIGN TRIASSIC. 



Plants. — The range of Triassic plants corresponds with that of North 

 America. Among Conifers occur the Cypress, Figs. 1250, 1251, Voltziahetero- 

 phylla, from the Lower Trias, and Spruces of the genus Albertia. Of Cycads, 



1250-1252. 



1252 



Fig. 1250, Voltzia heterophylla ; 1251, one of its fruit-bearing brandies ; 1252, Pterophyllum Jtegeri. Figs. 1250, 



1251, from Vogt ; 1252, Bronn. 



Pterophyllum Jcegeri, Fig. 1252, is a species from the Upper Trias. Ferns 

 and Equiseta were common. 



Animals. — 1. Radiates, though not abundant, are represented by Cri- 

 noids. Starfishes, and a few Corals. Among Crinoids, the Middle Trias 

 (Muschelkalk) affords abundantly the Lily Encrinite, Encrinus liliiformis, 

 Fig. 1253. The Lamellibranch, Gervillia socialis, Fig. 1254, is from the same 

 limestone ; the Myoplioria, Fig. 1255, of the Trigonia family, is from the 

 Upper Trias. The Avicula contorta Portl., characteristic of the Ehaetic beds^ 

 is represented in Fig. 1256. The Cephalopods were represented by Ceratites, 

 one of which, from the Muschelkalk, C. nodosus Schloth., is shown in Figs, 



