866 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 



biplicata, Solarium ornatnm, PUcatula inflata, SchWnbachia varians. The Chalk Marl 

 contains Holaster Icevis, BhijnchoneUa 3Iartini, TurriUtes costattis, Inoceramtis striattis, 

 Schlbnbachia varians. The Graij Chalk, which is the upper part of tlie Cenoinanian, 

 called also the Lower Chalk, includes in England the zones : (1) of Scaphites cequalis and 

 Plocoscyphia moeandrina ; (2) of Bhynchonella Martini; (3) of Holaster suhglobosus ; 

 (4) of Belemnitella plena. 



In France, the beds in the valley of the Seine, called the " Craie glauconieuse " or 

 Bhotomagian of M. Coquand, contain Holaster suborbicitlaris, Cidaris vesiculosa, Am- 

 monites (Acanthoceras) Bhotomagensis, Acanthoceras Mantelli, TurriUtes costatus, Pecten 

 asper, Inoceramus striatus. The overlying Carentonian of Renevier is the zone of Ostrea 

 biauriculata, Belemnitella plena, Caprina adversa. 



In Germany, the Cenomanian is the Lower Planer, affording Pecten asper, Ostrea^ 

 diluviana, Catopygus carinatus, Schlonbachia varians, Acanthoceras Bhotomagense, 

 Acanthoceras Mantelli, TurriUtes costatus, T. tuberculatus. Three zones are recognized : 



(1) zone of Pecten asper and Catopygtis carinatus ; (2) of Schlonbachia varians; and 

 (3) of Acanthoceras Bhotomagense and Holaster subglobosus. 



3. Turonian, or the Lower White Chalk without flints, with the nodular chalk of Dover 

 at the top, contains Holaster planus, Ananchytes ovatus, Bhynchonella Cuvieri, B. pli- 

 catilis, Ostrea vesicularis, Spondylus spinosus. Ammonites ( Pachydiscus) peramplus,. 

 Hemiaster Verneuili, Scaphites Geinitzi. 



In England the zones recognized are: (1) of Bhynchonella Cuvieri; (2) of Tere- 

 bratulina gracilis ; (3) ot Holaster planus. 



In France, (1) the Ligerian (named from the basin of the Loire) (the Middle Planer 

 of Germany) is the zone of Exogyra columba, Inoceramus labiatus. Pinna decussata ; and 



(2) the Angoumian, the zone of Terebratula gracilis, Holaster planus, and of Badiolite 

 and Hippurite limestone in the eastern Alps. 



4. Senonian, or the Chalk with flints (named from a locality of chalk at Sens). 

 Contains Ananchytes ovatus, Micraster cor-bovis, M. cor-anguinum, M. glyphus, Inoce- 

 ramus labiatus, Spondylus spinosus, Ostrea vesicularis, Belemnitella quadrata, B. mucro- 

 nata, Scaphites pulcherrimus. (1) The Santonian is the zone of Micraster hrevis, M. cor- 

 anguinum, and Inoceramus digitatus; (2) the overlying Campanian is the zone of Ostrea 

 vesicularis, Belemnitella mucronata, B. quadrata, and includes the Upper Quadersandstein, 

 the Lemberg chalk, and chalk of Meudon and of Eeims. 



5. Danian. — The Lower Danian or Maestrichtian or Dordonian is the zone of 

 Nautilus Danicus, Ostrea decussata, Belemnitella mucronata, Baculites Faujasi; the 

 Upper or Garumnian (named from Garonne), that of Micraster tercensis, and includes 

 the chalk of Faxe, fresh-water beds in Provence, and marine and brackish-water beds in 

 the Pyrenees, 100' to 1000' thick. From the Danian comes the 3Iosasaiirus Camperi 

 (page 864). 



In Provence, southeast France, the Sexonian, overlying the Angoumian, or limestones 

 containing Hippurites Petrocorriensis, etc., includes, according to M. Toucas (1891) : — 



1. The Santonian (a) with Hippurites giganteus, Bhynchonella Petrocorriensis, Tri- 

 gonia limbata; (6) with Amm. tricarinatus, Hippurites brevis, Micraster brevis ; (c) Am- 

 monites Texanus, Inoceramus digitatus, Cidaris clavigera ; {d) Ammonites Texanus, 

 Actinoceras verum, Hippurites Corbaricus, Cidaris clavigera. 



2. Campanian, (a) Hippurites dilatatus, H. Toucasi, H socialis, Ostrea vesicularis; 

 (b) Hippurites dilatatus, H. floridus, Ostrea Merceyi, Schizaster atavus ; Upper, (c) Ci- 

 daris cretosa, Ostrea Matheroni, Lima decussata ; (d) Ammonites Gallici, Nerinea bisul- 

 cata, Hipprirites, Hemiaster Begulusanus. 



The following species are reported from different continents : — 



Ostrea larva. North America ; Europe ; India. Gryphcea vesicularis, North America ; 



