922 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 



Olriki, Onodea sensibilis and species of Fagus, Platanus, Salix. Dawson 

 refers the former to the Laramie, and the latter to the Eocene (1888). Spitz- 

 bergen, in lat. 78° 56', has yielded many species, including two species of 

 Taxodium, and species of Hazel, Poplar, Alder, Beech, Plane Tree and Lime. 

 But it is now questioned whether part of the Miocene of Greenland is 

 not Eocene. 



Out of 180 species from the Eocene beds of Haring, 55, according to Ettingshausen, 

 are Australian in type, 28 East Indian, 23 tropical American, 14 South African, 8 Pacific, 

 7 North American and Mexican, 6 West Indian, 5 South European. The resemblance to 

 Australia consists not merely in the number of related species, but in their character, — 

 the small, oblong, leathery -leaved Proteacece and Myrtaceoe, the delicately branching 

 Casuarinoe, the Cypress-lilie species of Frenela and Callitris, etc. Only 11 species have 

 their representatives in warm temperate climates. 



In the Miocene of Vienna, nearly a third are North American in type ; but v?ith these 

 there are some South American, East Indian, Australian, central Asiatic, and not a sixth 

 European. The species particularly related to those of North America (its warmer por- 

 tion) belong to the genera Fagus, Quercus, Liquidambar, Laurus, Bumelia, Diospyros, 

 and Andromedites. 



Animals. — No fossil Invertebrate or Vertebrate of the Cretaceous of 

 Great Britain is known from the Tertiary ; and this is true also for Europe. 

 Invertebrates. — The shells of Rhizopods, Foraminifers, were as important 

 in rock-making during the Eocene Tertiary as during the Cre- 

 taceous. The species of greatest interest are the coin-shaped 

 Nummulites which contributed largely to the constitution of 

 Eocene strata, as already stated. A common species is here 

 represented, with the exterior of half of it removed, so as 

 to show the spiral ranges of cells that were formed by the 

 Nummulites num- successivc buddiug of Rhizopods. There are but few Brachio- 



TTl 1] Iflri II S 



pods known, and these are mostly of the groups of LinguUds, 

 Discinids, Terebratulids and Rliynchonellids. 



The Mollusks were nearly all of modern genera. Some of the common 

 Eocene Gastropods are species of Oliva, Fasus, Vohita, Fasciolaria, Conus, 

 Mitra, Cerithmw., Turritella, Rostellaria, Pleurotoma, Cyprcea, Natica, Scalaria. 

 England had six species of Eocene Nautilus. 



Insects, and also Arachnids and Myriapods, have been obtained in great 

 numbers from the amber in the Lignitic portions of the Lower Oligocene 

 of northern Germany, near Konigsberg. Over 2000 species have been 

 collected from it. They were caught in the resin while it was in its" original 

 liquid state, and the most delicate parts are preserved in perfection. The 

 lignite was made chiefly from Conifers, and the common species is a Pinus, 

 P. succinifer. They show that forests of Conifers were a common feature 

 of northern Europe. Insects occur also abundantly in the Middle Tertiary 

 of CEningen, E,adoboj, Parschlug, Auvergne, and in the Rhenish Brown coal. 



Vertebrates. — Among Fishes, Teleosts, or common Fishes, which began in 

 the Cretaceous, were profusely represented. Ganoids were relatively few; 



