CENOZOIC TIME — TERTIARY. 925 



of the characteristics of the Elephant, Hippopotamus, Tapir, and the marine 

 Manatus (Dugong), in its skull; but its nearest relations are with the Ele- 

 phant or Mastodon. One fine skull was dug up 

 at Eppelsheim in G-ermany ; and the remains •^^^'''■ 



have been found also in France, Switzerland, and 

 other parts of Europe, and also in Sind, India. 



In the Miocene, Europe had its species of 

 Ant-eater, the Macr other ium, which was an Un- 

 gulate, related to the later Chalicotherium. 



The Pliocene of Europe has afforded also 

 species of the Baleen Cetaceans (Whale-bone 

 Whales). Species of the genus Cetotlierium 

 occur in the Pliocene of England and Belgium, 

 and also, according to Lydekker, in the Miocene 

 of Patagonia, along with Cetaceans of other Dinotherium giganteum (x ,",). 

 genera. 



All the Fishes, Eeptiles, Birds, and Mammals of the Tertiary are extinct 

 species. 



Subdivisions and Characteristic Species. 



Lower Eocene. — (1) Cernatsian (= Pcjerco). — Beds at Reims and La Fere in tlie 

 adjoining departments of Marne and Aisne in northern France. At Cernay, near Reims, 

 occur tlie following Mammals : — Marsupial : Neoplagiaulax. Creodont : Arctocyon, 

 Hyodectes, Heterohorus. Insectivore : Adapisorex. Quadrumana : Plesiadapis, Proto- 

 adapis. There are also the Birds, Gastornis Edwardsi, Eupterornis. 



In overlying beds occur Hycenodictis, Proviverra, Plesiadapis^ with Teredina 

 personata ; and some sand-beds afford Cyrena cuneiformis, Melania inguinata, Cerithium 

 variahile. 



(2) Stjessonian of d'Orbigny (= Wasatch, the Landenian of Belgium). Includes 

 the Thanet sands of the London basin {Thanetian, of Lapparent). Also, (a) the marls 

 of Meudon, with (b) Lignitic clays, and (c) Plastic clay, but more marine in Belgium, to 

 which correspond the stages (a) 3Iaudunian, (&) Sparnacian, and (c) Ypresian. The 

 Paniselian beds of Dumont are part of the Ypresian. 



In England. — Thanet sands. — Pholadomya cuneata Sow., Cyprina Morrisii Sow., 

 Corbula longirostris Desh., Scalaria Bowerbankii Morr. 



Woolwich and Reading beds. — Cyrena cuneiformis Fer., C. tellinella Fer., Melania 

 inguinata Dfr., Ostrea bellovacina Lam. 



London Clay (Island of Sheppey, etc). — Nautilus centralis Sow., iV. imperialis Sow., 

 Aturia ziczac Bronn, Belosepia sepioidea Blv., Valuta Wetherellii Sow., V. nodosa 

 Sow., Aporrhais Sowerbyi Mant., Cyrena cuneiformis, Cryptodon {Axinus) angulatus 

 Sow., Leda amygdaloides Sow., Pinna affinis Sow. 



Vertebrates of the London clay. — Fishes and Reptiles : Tetrapterus priscus Ag., 

 Pristis bisulcatus Ag., Lamna elegans Ag., Palceophis toliapicus Owen. Mammals. — 

 Marsupial : Didelphis. Ungulates : Lojmiodon, Miolophus, Hyracotherium, Coryphodon. 



In France, at Meudon, Coryphodon, Palceonictis, Phenacodus, with Gastornis. 



Middle and Upper Eocene. — Parisian (= the Bridger beds). (1) The Calcaire 

 grassier of Paris {Lutetian of Lapparent) ; with above, (2) the sands of Beauchamp, 

 France, etc. ; Bagshot sands of the London Basin, and the Barton clay of the Hampshire 

 Basin, England {Bartonian). 



