CENOZOIC TIME — TERTIARY. 927 



the Tortonian, the stages Sarmatian and Pontvan are recognized in Dauphine, Austria, 

 and Italy. 



Some of the Miocene genera are Pliopithecus, Dryopithecus, of Quadrumanes ; 

 Machcerodus, Felis, Hyoenarctos, Hycena, Canis, Viverra, Mustela^ of Carnivores ; Mas- 

 todon (M. longirostris, M. tapiroides Cuv., etc.), Elephas, Dinotherium ; Bhinoceros, 

 Listriodon, Siis, Anchithermm, Hip'parion, Equus, Hippopotamus ; Camelopardalis, Ante- 

 lope, Cervtis, of Ruminants ; Erinaceus, Talpa, of Insectivores ; Halitherium, Squalodon, 

 Physeter, Delphinus. 



The Tertiary Mammals of the Siwalik Hills, India, from beds now referred to the 

 Pliocene, include, besides Quadruniana, species of Hycenarctos, Hyoena, Machxrodus, 

 Felis, Canis, Mustela, Viverra; Elephas, Mastodon, Rhinoceros, Hexaprotodon, Hippo- 

 therium, Equux, Hippopotamus, Sus, Anoplotherium, Chalicotherium, Merycopotamus, 

 Camelus, Camelopardalis; Sivatherium, Antilope, Moschus, Cervus, Ovis, Bos; Dinothe- 

 rium; Hystrix ; Enhydriodon. The Sivatherium was an elephantine Stag, having four 

 horns, allied to the Deer, but larger, being in some points between the Stags and Pachy- 

 derms. It is supposed to have had the bulk of an Elephant, and greater height. Bos and 

 the related genera probably occur nowhere earlier than the Pliocene. There were also 

 Crocodiles of large size, and the great turtle Colossochelys Atlas. 



In southern South America, the Santa Cruz beds, which are referred to the Miocene, 

 afford species of Edentates, Bodents, Marsupials, Nesodon, Toxodon, Prototherium, 

 Prosqualodon, Argyrocetus, Odontoceti, or Toothed Whales, and other species. 



The following new Miocene species from East Siberia have been described and figured 

 by W. H. Dall : Semele Stimpsoni, Siphonaria Penjince, Gonus Okhotensis, Cerithium 

 cymatophorum, Diloma ruderata ; and he has identified also Ostrea gigas Thunberg. 

 They occur in a bed in the northeastern angle of the Okhotsk Sea, on a small bay in the 

 Gulf of Penjinsk containing a layer of coal. They were brought from the region in 1855 

 by Wm. Stimpson, a member of the Ringgold and Rogers Exploring Expedition. The 

 fauna is related to that of the China and South Japan seas, and indicates, states Dall, a 

 change downward of water temperature since the Miocene of 30° to 40° F. 



Lower Pliocene. — Messinian, the Zanclean beds in Italy of Seguenza, and over the 

 Zanclean beds, along the Apennines, Plaisancian of Seguenza. 



Upper Pliocene. — Astian. — Crag of Norwich, etc.. Eastern England; Subapennine 

 marls and sands of beds of Val d'Arno. In the Red Crag, Felis pardoides Owen, 

 Mastodon Arvernensis Croizet & Jobert {angustidens Owen), Bhinoceros Schleiermacheri 

 Kaup (incisivus Cuv.), Tapirus priscus Kaup {Arvernensis Croizet & Jobert), Cervus 

 anoceros Kaup. In the Norwich Crag, Mastodon Arvernensis, M. longirostris, M. 

 Borsoni, Elephas meridionalis, Cervus Falconeri, C. verticornis. 



Forest bed of Cromer on the east coast of England, referred by many to the Lowest 

 Quaternary, includes, besides the Cave Bear, the Irish Deer ; and several modern species, 

 as the Beaver, Wolf, Fox, Stag, Aurochs, Mole, Wild Boar, Horse ; also the European 

 Pliocene species, Ursus Arvernensis, Cervus Polignacus Robert, Hippopotamus major C\iy., 

 Bhinoceros Etruscus, B. megarhinus, Elepthas meridionalis, E. antiquus, Equus Stenonis, 

 and without any remains of man. The Forest bed is made Pliocene in the Manuals of 

 Etheridge and H. B. Woodward, but lower Glacial by Geikie and others. 



The Pikermi Middle Pliocene beds in Greece contain out of 29 genera of Mammals, 

 18 that are found also in the Middle Pliocene of the Siwaliks of India ; there is the same 

 remarkable abundance of true Ruminants, and among them, as in the Siwaliks, several 

 species of Giraffidce and Antelope; there are at Pikermi 15 Ruminants to 1 Pig and 

 1 Chalicotherium, and in the Siwaliks 37 Ruminants to 12 other Artiodactyl Ungulates 

 (Oldham, Geol. of India). 



