CENOZOIC TIME — QUATERNARY. 969 



rivers to the west, then began, while the continent over this interior region 

 was still at high elevation, its discharge by the Red River of the North into the 

 Minnesota, and the Mississippi became emphatically the " Great Mississippi." 

 It was at this time of the departure of the ice from the lake region to 

 the country north of Lake Superior, before a subsidence had made much if 

 any progress, that the areas of the Great Lakes were fluvial areas, carrying 

 on vigorously the work of excavation under the high southward slopes due 

 to more northern elevation; that Michigan was discharging its abundant 

 waters through the Illinois or the Kankakee channel to the Mississijjpi ; 

 Erie, with probably Huron, through the Wabash, to the Ohio ; and Superior, 

 through the Fox or Wisconsin, to the Mississippi. The waters of Ontario 

 are supposed to have gone eastward to the valley of the Mohawk, but for 

 want of satisfactory evidence as to any other course. 



The following are the views of Cliamberlin and Leverett, with regard to the stages 

 in the interval between the time of maximum extension and that of the Kettle moraine : 

 (1) Partial deglaciation, and the formation of a sheet of drift perhaps 20' in thickness, 

 with occasional layers of soil interbedded in the drift. (2) Interval of deglaciation of 

 great length, the surface of old drift sheet deeply oxidized, leached, much eroded, with 

 thick widespread soil above. (3) Deposition of main body of loess and associated silts 

 along the Mississippi, Illinois, Wabash, and Ohio rivers, and between the Illinois and 

 Mississippi, and the material in southern Indiana and southwestern Ohio called " White 

 Clay." (4) Long interval of deglaciation, and deep erosion, cutting large valleys in the 

 loess. (5) Formation of a thick sheet of drift terminated by the Shelbyville moraine, 75' 

 to 100' deep, the maximum advance of the ice after the long deglaciation having termi- 

 nated at or near the line of this moraine ; and, following the deposition of the Shelbyville 

 moraine, other moraines in succession at short intervals up to the Kettle moraine series. 

 (6) An interval during which ice-lobes and ice-currents were shifted. (7) Moraines of 

 the Kettle moraine series of Illinois and Wisconsin. In remarks on these stages, it is 

 stated that as far as the correlation of the Kettle moraine has been made out, the Shelby- 

 ville series of moraines is represented in western Ohio by only a single moraine, and in 

 eastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania, it is nowhere in view, and is supposed to be 

 concealed by the Kettle moraine series. The correlate line across western Indiana of the 

 Kettle moraine is difficult to make out. In eastern Ohio the outer belt from the Scioto 

 River to southwestern New York has knobs and basins like the Kettle moraine ; and the 

 moraine south of the Finger Lakes (Cayuga, Seneca, and others) is made the probable con- 

 tinuation of the Kettle moraine series. The overwash from the Lake Michigan and Erie 

 moraines over Saginaw moraine in northern Indiana seems to show that the ice had 

 withdrawn from the Saginaw moraine while it was forming the series west of Lake 

 Erie. With regard to the conclusions of Chamberlin and also of Leverett here and 

 elsewhere cited, they say that their observations are still in progress, and their state- 

 ments are not to be taken as final. 



Upham names as follows the Iowa-Minnesota moraines, commencing at the south : 

 1, the Altamont ; 2, the Gary; 3, the Antelope; 4, the Keister ; 5, the Elysian ; 6, the 

 Waconia ; 7, the Dovre ; 8, the Fergus Falls ; 9, the Leaf Hills ; 10, the Itasca ; 11, the 

 Mesabi ; 12, the Vermilion (Final Rep. Geol. Minn., vols, i., ii., and 22d Ann. Rep.). 



Lateral moraines are seldom well marked over any part of glaciated 

 North America, because the mountains, with rare exceptions, were beneath 

 the ice-sheet; and there were no true valley glaciers, except occasionally 



