CENOZOIC TIME QUATERNARY. 



1005 



1565. 



of the cave is often covered with, the fragments. Calcareous excrements 

 are also abundant, quite similar to the excrements of the modern Hyena. 



The common species of Elephant in the county of Norfolk, on the North 

 Sea, was the Ele-plias primigenius. It lived in herds over England, and 

 extended its wanderings across the Siberian 

 plains to the Arctic Ocean and Bering Straits, 

 and beyond into North America ; but it seems 

 not to have gone far south of the parallel of 

 40°. It is stated by Woodward that over 

 2000 grinders were dredged up by the fish- 

 ermen of the little village of Happisburgh, 

 in the space of 13 years, and other localities 

 in and about England are also noted. 



This ancient Elephant, as Siberian speci- 

 mens have indicated, had its body covered 

 with a reddish wool and long black hair. 

 One of the tusks measured 12-1- feet in 

 length. At the beginning of this century, 

 one of these animals was found at the 

 mouth of the Lena, frozen and encased in 

 ice. It measured 16 feet 4 inches in length, 

 to the extremity of the tail, exclusive of the 

 tusks, and 9 feet 4 inches in height. It 

 retained the wool on its hide, and was so 

 perfectly ^^reserved that the flesh was eaten 

 by the dogs. The remains are exceedingly 

 abundant at Eschscholtz Bay, near Bering 

 Straits, where the ivory tusks of ancient 

 generations of Elephants are gathered for 

 exportation. 



The Bhinoceros, R. ticliorhiniis, spread 

 from England to Siberia, and was a hairy 

 species like the Elephant. A frozen speci- 

 men found near Wilui, in Siberia, in 1772, 

 was 111 feet long, and had a hairy skin. 

 Another widespread species was the H. 

 heynitoechus. 



The Irish Deer, Cervus giganteus was another of the gigantic species. 

 Skeletons have been found in marl, beneath the peat of swamps, in Ireland 

 and England, and fragments in the bone caverns. The height, to the summit 

 of the antlers, in the largest individuals, was 10 to 11 feet ; and the span of 

 the antlers was 10 feet, anjd in one specimen over 12 feet. It is supposed 

 that it may have been extinct but a few centuries. 



The modern Horse, Equus cahallas, but of unusual size, has been found 

 in the deposits of the period over all Europe, northern Asia, and northern 



Caniue tooth of the Cave Bear. 



