1008 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 



the Ibex and Chamois, noAV Alpine species, is attributed by Lartet to the 

 forced migration thus occasioned. In the caves of Perigord (Dordogne, etc.), 

 the bones of the Reindeer, far the most abundant kind, lie along with those 

 of the Cave Hyena, Cave Bear, Cave Lion, Elephant, and Rhinoceros, as well 

 as Horse and Aurochs. 



Lartet says that, in the drift or valley gravels, the Elephant, Rhinoceros, 

 Horse, and Ox are the predominant species, and the Reindeer appears spar- 

 ingly ; while, in the Dordogne caves, the Reindeer predominates, being 

 associated in large numbers with the Horse and Aurochs, and exceptionally 

 with remains of the Elephant, Hyena, etc. AVith the Mammals of the Rein- 

 deer era, in southern France, there are also great numbers of Grouse and the 

 Snowy Owl, species which have since returned to northern Europe. The 

 Reindeer was living in Scotland until near the end of the twelfth century. 

 The absence of remains of the Reindeer and other subarctic species from 

 Spain and Italy, and the southern character of the Champlain fauna, are 

 evidence that the cold did not extend beyond the Alps and Pyrenees. At 

 the same time, the presence of abundant remains of the Reindeer in Belgian 

 deposits of this era, without bones of the extinct Mammals, may be evidence 

 that the cold of Belgium was severe enough to drive off the old warm climate 

 quadrupeds. An isothermal chart shows that England would have had a 

 warmer climate than Belgium. The Quaternary fauna of Britain and Europe, 

 and the caves are discussed at length by W. Boyd Dawkins in his works on 

 Cave-Hunting, Early Man in Britain, and in later papers. 



MAN. 



The relics of Man, through which his geological history has been 

 deciphered, are : (1) buried human bones ; (2) stone arrow-heads, lance- 

 heads, hatchets, pestles, etc. ; (3) flint chips, made in the shaping of stone 

 implements ; (4) arrow-heads or harpoon-heads, and other implements, made 

 of horns and bones of the Reindeer and other species ; (5) bored or notched 

 bones, teeth, or shells ; (6) cut or carved wood ; (7) bone, horn, ivory, or 

 stone, graven with figures of existing animals, or cut into their shapes, — 

 one example of which, found by Lartet, in the bone cave of La Madelaine 

 Perigord, and representing the old Hairy Elephant, is here given; (8) mar- 

 row-bones broken longitudinally, in order to get out the marrow for food ; 



(9) fragments of charcoal, and other marks of fire for warming or cooking ; 



(10) fragments of pottery. Relics of the above kinds occur in the deposits 

 of the " Stone Age." 



In later deposits, of Recent time, occur bronze implements, without iron 

 — marking a " Bronze Age " ; and, still later, iron implements, or those of 

 the " Iron Age " ; and here occur, as fossils, coins, inscribed tablets of stone, 

 buried cities, as Nineveh and Pompeii, etc. 



The "Stone Age," here referred to, is properly the Stone Age of Euro- 



