CENOZOIC TIME — QUATERNARY. 



1009 



pean or Oriental history. The Stone Age in North America, or a large 

 part of it, continued in full force till within two centuries since. 

 The principal facts with regard to human relics are these : — 



1. Stone implements occur intimately associated with the remains of the 

 Cave Bear, Cave Hyena, Cave Lion, the old Elephant and Ehinoceros and 

 ■other extinct species, with some remains of the Reindeer and other living 

 Mammals, in deposits of the Champlain period, if not earlier, — the Paleo- 

 lithic epoch, proving the existence of Man at that time. 



2. Similar implements, along with others of horn and bone, and draw- 

 ings of animals, and other markings, occur in southern France, as well as 

 more to the north, in caves and river-border deposits, along with great num- 

 "bers of bones of the Reindeer, with other northern species now existing, and 



1567. 



Elephas primigenius ; engraved on ivoiy (x|). 



also with the remains of the extinct Urus, Elepha-nt, Cave Bear, Cave Hyena, 

 Cave Lion, etc., and also the now living Aurochs, Ibex, Elk, etc., pertaining 

 to the Mesolithic or Reindeer epoch, or that of the '' second Glacial epoch " of 

 Europe. And, with these relics, human bones and even complete skeletons 

 have been found ; the marrow bones of the Reindeer and Aurochs so split as 

 to show that they were broken by Man for the marrow; and charcoal and 

 other relics of fires, probably used both for cooking and for warmth ; for the 

 weather must have been sometimes, if not generally, cold. 



3. The skeletons of the Reindeer epoch of southern Europe are in part 

 those of tall men. One of them, that of the cave of Mentone in the Medi- 

 terranean (just east of Nice), according to its describer, Mr. Riviere, was 

 that of a man six feet high, with a rather long but large head, high and 

 well-made forehead, and very large facial angle — 85°. The woodcut on the 

 next page, made from a photograph, published by Riviere, represents the 

 skeleton as it lay, partly uncovered from the stalagmite, with Mediterra- 

 nean shells and flint imjDlements and ehippings lying around, and a chaplet 

 of stag's canines across the skull. The Mentone cave contained also bones 

 of the Cave Lion, Bear, and Hyena, Rhinoceros ticJiorhinus, Wolf, and other 

 species, but not the Reindeer. There are nine of these caves on this border 



DANA'S MANUAL — 64 



