CENOZOIC TIME — QUATERNARY. 1011 



of the Mediterranean. A similar skeleton was obtained from the cave of 

 Cro-Magnon, in Perigord, France, whose height was 5 feet 11 inches, and 

 another at Grenelle, about 5 feet 10 inches. These are referred to the Rein- 

 deer epoch. 



The human remains of caverns on the Lesse valley, in the vicinity of 

 Liege, Belgium, first discovered by Schmerling in 1833-1834, are regarded 

 as unquestionably Paleolithic. They belonged to less tall men; the cranium 

 was high and short, and of good Caucasian type, though of medium capacity ; 

 "a fair average human skull," observes Huxley. But one Belgian jaw-bone, 

 from the cave of the Naulette, has several marks of inferiority, for example, 

 remarkable thickness and small height ; the molar teeth increasing in size 

 backward, the posterior or ''wisdom-tooth" being the largest (besides having 

 five roots), while the reverse is the case in civilized man; the prominence of 

 the chin wanting. Fragments of crania and of some other bones were found 

 with the jaw-bone. 



The human crania of the caves of Furfooz in Belgium, of the Reindeer 

 era, are described as intermediate between the broad and long types, and as 

 "Mongoloid," approaching those of the Finns and Laplanders. The height 

 of the men was not over four and a half feet, and thus they were like exist- 

 ing Man of Northern Europe ; and it may be that Laplanders were driven 

 south by the cold, as well as Reindeers. The habits of the people, according 

 to Dupont, Avere like those of the Esquimaux. 



Chipped flints have been reported by F. Noetling from the Upper Miocene 

 or Lower Pliocene of Burma (1894) ; the bed affording them lies beneath 

 4620 feet of Pliocene and contained also remains of Rhinoceros Perimensis 

 and Hipparion Antelopinum. 



The remains of Paleolithic Man found in North America are sufficient to 

 confirm the conclusions from those of Europe. But the evidence is not of 

 the same satisfactory character, inasmuch as the precise age of the deposits 

 is in dispute, and the localities have not, in general, been verified by a 

 succession of discoveries. 



Professor J. D. Whitney described many years since a skull, from Cala- 

 veras County, Cal., which was found, according to the owner of the mining 

 claim, at a depth of 130 feet from the surface, underneath the lava-bed, in 

 1866. Doubts of its authenticity have been expressed by others who have 

 examined the evidence ; but Whitney, in his latest publication on the sub- 

 ject {On the Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada, 1879), refers to 

 corroborating testimony, and gives it full credit. Whitney also mentions 

 the discovery of flint implements in the Auriferous gravel in other parts of 

 California. The fossil plants of the gravels are referred to the Pliocene (or 

 partly Miocene) by Lesquereux. The few Mammalian remains include the 

 Champlain Mastodon and Elephant, but, in some places, Pliocene species. 

 Some recent land shells were contained in the earth filling the cranium. 

 The skull, according to Jeffries Wyman, resembles that of a modern Indian, 

 especially the Esquimaux, but has a more prominent forehead and a larger 



