1080 



INDEX. 



Snakes, 415, 848; Carboniferous, 

 726; Cretaceous, 848, 870; Ter- 

 tiary, 202, 901, 923 



Snow-drifts, 162 



Snow-line on heights, 233, 234 



Soapstone, 67§, 6S, S9§ 



Society Islands. See Tahitian 



Soda, 61 § ; in plants, 74, 75 



Soda-granite, 86§ 



Soda Springs, Idaho, 746 



Sodalite, 81, 85, 449, 876 



Sodium, 61, 63, 120 



Soil, 81§ ; moved by frost, 231 



Solarium ornatum, 866 ; planorbis, 

 836 ; triliratum, 916 



Solemya, 602 



Solen, 425§, 916, 917 



Solen beds, 892 



Solenhofen, 776, 783, 784, T86, 788, 

 796, 852 



Solenoceras annulifer, 854 



Solenomya radiata, 690 ; vetusta, 

 590 (first known) 



Solenopora compacta, 514 



Solfataras, 128, 265, 278, 283, 293§, 

 295, 334 



Solidification, 258, 264, 326 ; of the 

 earth, 376 



Solids, flow of, 351-352 



Solitaire, 1014 



Soloman Islands, 36, 38, 156 



Solution, 118-122 



Solva group, 481 



Somma, Mt., 276, 291 



Sonora, 747, 748 (gold placers), 749, 

 755, 756 



Sorata, Mt., 27 



Sorrel, 945 



Souris Kiver beds, 880 



South Africa, 406 ; united with In- 

 dia, 873, 937 ; and Australia, 874, 

 937 ; no fiords, 948 ; Paleozoic 

 in, 699 ; Carboniferous, 699 ; Per- 

 mian, 698, 699, 707, 737 ; Triassic, 

 707, 737, 770, 773, 791 ; Jurassic, 

 791 ; Quaternary, 1019 



South America, 16, IS ; mean height 

 of, 23 ; surface features of, 30 ; 

 volcanic cones of, 274 ; elevations 

 of, 347, 874, 877 : Cordilleras, 390 ; 

 fiords of, 948 ; Archaean in, 442, 

 450: Cambrian, 483; Devonian, 

 627; Carboniferous, 632, 659, 

 693, 711; Cretaceous, 857, 867; 

 Tertiary, 365, 456 ; elevation 

 during, 927, 935 ; post-Mesozoic 

 mountain-making, 874 ; Glacial, 

 948 



South Carolina, mean height of, 

 23 ; phosphatic deposits of, 153 ; 

 earthquakes of, 373 



South Dakota, mean height of, 23 ; 

 Cambrian in, 464, 468, 476; Nia- 

 gara, 541 ; Cretaceous, 828, 833, 

 856 ; Tertiary, 909 



South Mtn., Pa., 465, 532 



South Park, 495, 886, 893 



South Shetlands, 296 (volcanoes) 



Spain, plateau of, 26 ; volcanoes of, 

 296 ; Cambrian in, 484 ; Lower 

 Silurian, 518 ; Upper Silurian, 568, 

 573 ; Subcarboniferous, 693 ; Car- 



boniferous, 693 ; Jurassic, 775, 

 793 ; Cretaceous, 857 ; Tertiary, 

 920, 932 



Spalacodon, 926 



Spalacotherium, 789* 



Spanish Peaks, 296, 313, 876 



Sparnacian group, 925 



Spathiocaris Emersoni, 620, 621 



Species, difference in, attending dif- 

 ference in environment, 402 



Specific gravity in relation to fusi- 

 bility, 304 



Specular iron, 70, 88, 578 ; rocks, 

 83 



Speeton Cliffs, 865 



Sperm Whale, 912 



Spermatophilus Eversmani, 156 



Sphierexochus, 521 ; mirus, 520, 

 565* ; parvus, 503 



Sphserium, 152, 856 



Sphaeroceras, 760 



Sphserocystites, 562 



Sphserophthalmus, 481 



Sphsrospongia, 596 ; tesselata, 597*, 

 601 



Sphaerozoum orientale, 433* 



Sphaerulites, 861 ; Hceninghausi, 

 861* ; Te.xanus, 836 



Sphagnum, 73 (ash), 153 ; com- 

 mune, 74 



Sphalerite, 70§, 125, 333, 340, 542, 

 637 



Sphenacodon, 688 



Sphene, 67 



Sphenella glacialis, 699 



Sphenodiscus lenticularis, 854 ; 

 pleurasepta, 855 



Sphenodon, 687 ; punctatum, 54 



Sphenolepidium, 831 ; Virginicum, 

 834 



Sphenophyllum, 689, 671, 685, 698, 

 699, 704 ; antiquum, 622 ; emargi- 

 natum, 689; filiculme, 692, 693; 

 longifolium, 689, 704; Schlot- 

 heimi, 671*, 689 ; vetustum, 583* 



Sphenopteris, 639, 671, 685, 689, 

 693, 698, 699, 704; arguta, 791; 

 cristata, 645 ; flaccida, 626 ; fur- 

 cata, 689 ; Gravenhorstii, 670*, 

 689; Grevillioides, 838; Hartti, 

 622 ; Hildrethi, 670*, 689 ; Hitch- 

 cockiana, 622 ; Hoeninghausi, 622 ; 

 Hookeri, 626 ; Humphriesiana, 

 626 ; Mantelli, 831, 832* ; Schim- 

 peri, 704 ; spinosa, 689 ; tridactyl- 

 ites, 689 ; Valdensis, 834 



Sphenopterium obtusum, 646 



Sphenotus, 621 ; contractus, 621 



Spherophyric, 77§ ; rocks, 83§, 84 



Spherulites, 84, 96, 97, 289, 838 



Sphyradoceras, 591 



Sphyrenids, 843 



Spicules of sponges. See Sponge- 

 spicules 



Spiders, 141, 168, 420, 525, 722, 723, 

 724 ; Upper Silurian, 574 ; Devo- 

 nian, 575 ; Carboniferous, 657, 

 674, 677, 701, 722 (first); Paleo- 

 zoic, 722, 723, 727 ; Tertiary, 893, 

 901 



Spinax BlainviUii, 416* 



Spinel, 313, 449, 453 



Spirifer, 310, 401, 42.5§, 426*§, 550, 



561, 562, 568, 579, 592, 606, 642, 

 705, 719; acuminatus, 585*, 590, 

 591 ; alatus, 707 ; altus, 612 ; are- 

 nosus, 578*, 579 ; arrectus, 579 ; 

 asper, 602 ; bimesialis, 602 ; bi- 

 plicatus, 642*, 646 ; borealis, 758 j 

 canaliferus, 625 ; cameratus, 675*, 

 685, 690 ; Clannyanus, 707 ; Con- 

 radanus, 591 ; Cooperensis, 646 ; 

 crispus, 563, 567, 568 ; cultrijuga- 

 tus, 626, 627 ; curvatus, 625; cus- 

 pidatus, 703 ; cyclopterus, 562, 

 563 ; decussatus, 626 ; disjunctus,, 

 370*, 592, 612, 613*, 621, 622, 625, 



626, 628, 703; Dumonti, 626; 

 duodenarius, 591 ; elevatus, 567, 

 568 ; exporrectus, 520 ; fimbria- 

 tus, 591, 601, 602; fragilis, 773, 

 774 ; giganteus, 370* ; glaber, 627 ; 

 700* ; glaber (var. contractus), 

 647 ; granuliferus, 601 ; gregarius,. 

 585*, 590, 591 ; Hungerfordi, 602 ;, 

 hystericus, 625 ; incrassatus, 704 ;, 

 increbescens, 642*, 646 ; Keokuk,. 

 646 ; lievicostatus, 625 ; laevis, 

 612* ; lineatus, 690, 704 ; Logani, 

 646 ; macropleurus, 560*, 561, 



562, 563; Marionensis, 602, 646;; 

 Meeki, 646 ; mesacostalis, 620 ;. 

 mesastrialis, 620 ; mucronatus, 

 601; Miinsteri, 774; Niagarensis, 

 548*, 551, 563; Parryanus, 602;: 

 pennatus, 5©8*, 602 ; perlamel- 

 losus, 562, 563 ; plicatellus, 520 ;. 

 pyxidatus, 579 ; radiatus, 522, 550, 

 551; raricosta, 592; speciosus, 

 703 ; striatus, 426* ; sulcatus,, 

 54S*, 551, 562, 568, 567 ; Urii, 626, 



627, 707; Vanuxemi, 558; vari- 

 cosus, 592; Verneuili, 626, 627,. 

 628 ; Whitneyi, 602 



Spiriferids, 574 



Spiriferina, 756, 790 ; cristata, 707 ;: 

 Kentuckensis, 690 ; octoplicata, 

 707 ; spinosa, 642*, 646, 647 ; Wal- 

 cotti, 779*, 790 



Spirifersandstein, 570 



Spirocyathus Atlanticus, 470* 



Spirophyton, 001, 688; caudagalli,. 

 582*, 667, 688 



Spirorbis, 675 ; arietinus, 691 ; car- 

 bonarius, 676*, 691 ; laxus, 568 



Spitzbergen, 48, 395, 758; Subcar- 

 boniferous in, 696, 704; Carbon- 

 iferous, 635, 696, 704, 711 ; Per- 

 mian, 704; Triassic, 768, 774, 

 792 ; Jurassic, 776 ; Cretaceous, 

 868, 872 (climate) ; Tertiary, 922, 

 939 (Sequoia) 



Spodumene, 321, 382, 449 



Spondylus, 180 ; gregalis, 854 ; spi- 

 nosus, 866 



Sponge-beds, 777, 790 



Sponges, Sponge-spicules, 57, 64, 

 72, 140, 141, 419, 431§, 432*, 474*, 

 513, 515, 583*, 590, 596, 601, 611, 

 777, 860* 



Spongillae, 432 



Spongiolithls appendiculata, 894* 



Sporangi in coal, 655* 



Sporangites, 601 ; Corulferous, 584 ;: 



