THE HIGHER CRYPTOGAMIA. 45 



only eleven cells. The cells of the branch bearing the 

 archegonia, which adjoin the place of attachment of the im- 

 pregnated archegonium, also take part in this division. In 

 consequence of this, nnimpregnated archegonia are often 

 carried up on to the oval cellular mass (the calyptra) formed 

 by the amalgamation of the flask-shaped portion of the im- 

 pregnated archegonium with the adjoining parenchyma of 

 the stem. By this means the growing calyptra, which in- 

 creases vastly in size, is bent upwards, so that its longitu- 

 dinal axis is at right angles to the surface of the stem (PL 

 VI, fig. 8). 



The multiplication is very active in the cells of the calyp- 

 tra immediately under its apex, with the exception of the 

 epidermal cells, which continue of rather a large size, (PI. 

 VI, fig. 8), and grow out into long cylindrical papillae 

 (PI. VI, fig. 4), upon whose outer wall a network of pro- 

 jecting bands is formed. The neck of the impregnated ar- 

 chegonium is usually thrust off at an early period (PI. VI, 

 fig. 8). 



The development of the fruit itself corresponds entirely 

 in essentials with that of Pellia (PL VI, figs. 5 — 8), but it 

 is altogether of a more slender construction. The fruit- 

 stalk consists of only two concentrical layers of cells ; the 

 enlargement at its lower end is much less developed ; the 

 cells destined to form the elaters and the rows of spore- 

 mother-cells are already differentiated (as in Frullania) at 

 the time when the entire contents of the young capsule 

 consist of a single horizontal layer of cells. Each indivi- 

 dual elater, however, divides by a transverse septum ; each 

 pair reaches from the base of the capsule to its upper arched 

 roof. 



The antheridia of Aneura pinguis originate in precisely 

 the same . manner as those of Pellia. A hemispherical or 

 shortly cylindrical cellular body, consisting of four short 

 longitudinal rows of cells, is formed by the multiplication of 

 one of the cells of the upper side of the stem (PL VI, figs. 

 14, 15); by the division of one of its middle cells into an 

 inner and an outer one, the ground, is laid for the diffe- 

 rentiation of an outer layer, and an inner cellular mass 

 destined to produce spermatozoa (PL VI, fig. 12). A wall 



