THE HIGHER CRYPTOGAMIA. 77 



raent in length and thickness. In /. bicusjpidata (PL VIII, 

 figs. 5, 7), and /. tricophylla, in Badula complanata (PI. XI, 

 figs. 4, 5), Lophocolea heterophylla, Alicularia sccdaris, and 

 Calypogeia Tricliomanes (PI. X, figs. 2-8), the four apical 

 cells of the rudimentary fruit often divide repeatedly by 

 horizontal transverse septa; the three-sided cells of the 

 second degree thus formed divide, however, all together, 

 by septa parallel to the tangent of the curved outer-wall, 

 and cutting the side-walls at an angle of 45°. In .7. bicus- 

 pidata (PI. VIII, fig. 7), this division takes place once, in 

 Lophocolea heterophylla , and Badula complanata twice (PL 

 XI, figs. 4, 5) ; in the latter by a repetition of the division 

 in the outer cells, after a previous formation of radial 

 longitudinal septa therein. After the cesser of multiplica- 

 tion in the apical cells, the capsule- wall is produced by the 

 continuous division of the outer layer (in Lophocolea, Radula, 

 and Alicularia, of the two outer layers) of cells of the 

 rudimentary fruit ; by the multiplication of the elongated 

 axile group of cells, formed out of four longitudinal rows of 

 three-sided cells, are produced the elaters, which radiate 

 from the longitudinal axis of the fruit to the capsule-wall, 

 as well as the rows of spore-mother-cells, which are inserted 

 between these in horizontal rows. The cells of the middle 

 part of the rudimentary fruit assume a depressed tabular 

 shape by repeated transverse divisions ; collectively they 

 form the fruit- stalk. In Jungermannia bicuspidata and 

 tricophylla, the fruit-stalk normally consists of twelve longi- 

 tudinal rows of cells, of four strings of three- sided cells 

 traversing the interior of the stalk, and a layer of eight 

 cells surrounding these standing at an equal elevation. In 

 the cells of the outer layer transverse division ensues to a 

 greater extent than in those of the central string ; the latter 

 are double the height of the former (PL VIII, fig. 7 ; PL 

 IX, fig. 23) .The fruit-stalk of Lophocolea, Radula, Alicu- 

 laria, and Calypogeia (PL X, fig. 7), which, after the dif- 

 ferentiation of the capsule -wall from its contents, consists 

 of three concentrical layers of cells, continues to grow in 

 thickness up to this period ; in Radula the growth takes 

 place by a single division ; in Lophocolea and Alicularia 

 by repeated divisions of the cells of its circumference. 



