26 THE HISTORY OF THE PELYCOSAURIA, WITH 



bone [quadratojugal] is not excavated below, but has a straight outline to its junction 

 with the jugal. The quadrate condyle is double like that of Sphenodon and the Clepsy- 

 dropsidce" (Fig. PI. II). 



" The Theriodonta described by Owen appear to have the single cranial arch con- 

 structed in the same way as I described above as characteristic of the American forms. I 

 gather this from Owen's figures of the genera Kistecephalus Ow., Galesaurus Ow., 

 Scaloposaurus Ow., Anthodon Ow., and apparently Lycosaurus Owen."* 



The posterior region of the Anomodontia is then discussed. They jjossess an 

 " extensive supratemporal foramen, and that the bone which bounds it externally con- 

 sists posteriorly of the supratemporal bone [squamosal], and not the zygomatic [quad- 

 ratojugal]. Anteriorly this bone joins the postorbital, postfrontal and malar " [jugal]. 

 " It is evident then that the Anomodonta differ from the Theriodonta in the absence of 

 a zygomatic [quadratojugal] arch, and in the presence of a supratemporal arch, which is 

 separated from the parietal bone by a supratemporal foramen." 



Prof. Cope thus reaches the conclusion that there are four types of crania repre- 

 sented in the Permian Reptilia, which he distinguishes as follows : 



Temporal roof uninterrupted Cotylosauria. 



A zygomatic arch, but no distinct supratemporal or supramastoid arches Theriodonta. 



Zygomatic and supratemporal arches Diopeus. 



No zygomatic ; a supratemporal arch Anomodontia. 



Discussing the parietoquadrate arch, Prof. Cope remarks : " The parietoquadrate 

 arch is a later appearance in geologic time. It is not present in any of the Permian 

 orders." 



In 1897, Baur and Case 28 showed that the Pelycosauria possess two temporal arches, 

 an upper postorbito-squamosal and a lower quadratojugal arch, besides the parieto- 

 quadrate arch. They also demonstrated that the Pelycosauria are specialized Rhyncho- 

 cephalia, which die out during the Permian, and cannot be the ancestors of the Mam- 

 malia. 



Shortly before his death, Prof. Cope 29 wrote a review of this paper with discussions, 

 which was published in the American Naturalist of April, the last number he edited. 



The Pelycosauria from the Permian of France. 



The first remains of Permian Reptiles, which we consider as Pelycosaurian, were 

 described in 1856 by Coquant, 30 and later redescribed and figured by Gervais. 31 



They consisted of an upper jaw of a Reptile, found near Moissey, which was con- 

 sidered by Coquant as belonging to Protorosaurus. It is preserved in the Museum of 



*Procolophon Ow. is also placed here. 



