1844.] Memoir on Indian Earthquakes. 969 



" prodigious" violence ; these waters were strongly impregnated with 

 sulphureous gas. 



c. Landslips. These are confined to mountainous regions, and in the 

 central Himalayan tract have been exhibited on a large scale. The 

 effect of the earthquake of 1803, as described by Colonel Hodgson, 

 in producing such slips of enormous masses of rock were of the most 

 destructive character. " Whole villages" he remarks, " having been 

 buried by the fall of cliffs and sliding down of the faces of hills." Ano- 

 ther instance is recorded on the authority of Dr. Falconer, as having 

 occurred in the same region in 1809, when the Bishnoo Gunga, one 

 of the great branches of the Ganges, was blocked up by a landslip^ 

 and the water raised to 40 feet above its usual level. Colonel Hodgson 

 notices the slip of a whole face of a mountain 4,000 feet high, during 

 the earthquake of the 28th May 1817- During the Cashmere earth- 

 quake of 1828, large rocks and stones were seen to roll down from 

 the mountains, and by the Nepaul shock of 1833, the Passes across the 

 Himalayas from the valley towards Lassa, were completely blocked 

 up by rocks and earth thrown down from the mountains. By the 

 Chittagong earthquake of 1762, several hills are described as having 

 been rent asunder, sinking down and stopping up the river near them ; 

 these examples sufficiently illustrate the extent to which landslips 

 occur during earthquake shocks, and furnish striking indications of 

 the great energy of the disturbing forces in operation. 



d. Formation of sand cones. The only instance recorded in which 

 these cones, so frequently observed during the Calabrian and South 

 American earthquakes, were formed, is in the Scinde and Cutch earth- 

 quakes of 1819. '• During the earthquake," it is remarked (Part II. 

 p. 33,) "numerous jets of black muddy water were thrown out from 

 fissures throughout this region (the Runn of Cutch,) and cones of 

 sand, six and eight feet high were thrown up ;" no facts are given 

 whereby we can form any opinion as to the method in which these 

 cones are formed, or of the causes to which they are due.* 



e. Effects on springs. The Jellalabad earthquake of the 19th 

 February, 1842, furnishes the only ascertained instance of a shock 

 having produced any perceptible effects on springs. These effects 



* We are informed that in the valley of the Irrawaddy no earthquake occurs without 

 numerous ejections of black sand, stinking water, &e. &c. This locality is subject to 

 very frequent shocks. — Eds. 



